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Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology EN007O-865 July 6, 2001 17:0

592 Image-Guided Surgery

Preoperative models, however, should be modified as der real-time monitoring by MRI,” J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 9,
the procedure progresses and the anatomy changes. The 79–83.
only adequate solution to detect physiologic motion, dis- Barnett,G.H.,Kormos,D.W.,Steiner,C.P.,andWeisenberger,J.(1993).
“Use of a frameless, armless stereotactic wand for brain tumor local-
placements, or deformations is intraoperative or intrapro-
ization with two-dimensional and three-dimensional neuroimaging,”
cedural imaging. Monitoring of dynamic changes not re- Neurosurgery 33, 674–678.
stricted to follow motions but a variety of other functional Bertsch, F., Mattner, J., Stehling, M. K., Muller-Lisse, U., Peller, M.,
or physical parameters may be altered or modified during Loeffler, R., Weber, J., Messmer, K., Wilmanns, W., Issels, R.,
interventional or surgical procedures. Although the pri- and Reiser, M. (1998). “Non-invasive temperature mapping using
MRI: Comparison of two methods based on chemical shift and T1-
mary goal of monitoring is to follow and update anatomic
relaxation,” Magn. Reson. Imaging 16, 393–404.
changes in position, other types of dynamic informa- Bettag, M., Ulrich, F., Schober, R., Furst, G., Langen, K. J., Sabel,
tion (flow, perfusion, cortical function, etc.) can also be M., and Kiwit, J. C. (1991). “Stereotactic laser therapy in cerebral
extremely useful. gliomas,” Acta. Neurochir. Suppl. 52, 81–83.
MRI’s high sensitivity and superb tissue characteriza- Black, P. McL., Moriarty, T., Alexander, E., Stieg, P., Woodard, E. J.,
Gleason, P. L., Martin, C. H., Kikinis, R., Schwartz, R. B., and Jolesz,
tion explain its success in intraoperative monitoring for
F. A. (1997). “Development and implementation of intraoperative
brain tumor surgery or for breast cancer excision. During magnetic resonance imaging and its neurosurgical applications,” Neu-
these open surgeries the tissue planes significantly shift rosurgery 41, 831–843.
and deform, therefore the original template of the tumor Chung, A., Hynynen, K., Cline, H. E., Colucci, V., Oshio, K., and Jolesz,
obtained by preoperative imaging or by images acquired F. A. (1996). “Optimization of spoiled gradient-echo phase imaging
for in vivo localization of focused ultrasound beam,” Magn. Reson.
at the beginning of the surgery become useless as the pro-
Med. 36, 745–752.
cedure progresses. Real-time monitoring or frequent vol- Cline, H. E., Lorensen, W. E., Kikinis, R., and Jolesz, F. A. (1990).
umetric update is necessary to redefine the location of the “Three-dimensional segmentation of MR images of the head using
tumor, its surrounding, the advance of surgery, and the probability and connectivity,” J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 14, 1037–
presence or absence of any local tissue response or threat- 1045.
Cline, H. E., Hynynen, K., Hardy, C. J., Watkins, R. D., Schenk, J. F., and
ening complications. New intraoperative monitoring and
Jolesz, F. A. (1994). “MR temperature mapping of focused ultrasound
interactive imaging methods are intended to convert inter- surgery,” Magn. Reson. Med. 31, 628–636.
ventional radiology and minimally invasive surgical tech- Cotin, S., Delingette, H., and Ayache, N. (1999). “Real-time elastic
niques, including thermal ablations and brachytherapy, to deformations of soft tissues for surgery simulation,” IEEE Trans.
genuine image-guided therapy where the role of image- Visualization Computer Graphics 5, 62–73.
Cover, S., Ezquerra, N., O’Brian, J., Rowe, R., Gadacz, T., and Palm,
based information is crucial and strategically important
E. (1993). “Interactively deformable models for surgery simulation,”
during every phase of the entire procedure. IEEE Computer Graphics Appl. 13, 68–75.
D’Amico, A. V., Cormack, R., Tempany, C. M., Kumar, S., Topulos,
G., Kooy, H. M., and Coleman, C. N. (1998). “Real-time magnetic
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS resonance image-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of
select patients with clinically localized prostate cancer,” Int. J. Radial.
Oncol. Biol. Phys. 42, 507–515.
The illustrations were provided by Ron Kikinis, M.D., Stuart G.
Dickinson, R. J., Hall, A. S., Hind, A. J., and Young, I. R. (1986).
Silverman, M.D., Peter McL. Black, M.D., Ph.D., Arya Nabavi, M.D.,
“Measurement of changes in tissue temperature using MR imaging,”
Clare M. Tempany, M.D., Anthony V. D’Amico, M.D., Ph.D., Torsten
J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 10, 468–472.
Butz, Kullervo Hynynen, Ph.D., Robert A. Cormack, Ph.D., Andreas
Fried, M. P., Hsu, L., and Jolesz, F. A. (1998). “Interactive magnetic
G. Schreyer, M.D., Nobi Hata, Ph.D., Cynthia Wible, Ph.D., and Fatma
resonance imaging-guided biopsy in the head and neck: Initial patient
Ozlen, M.D., from the Image Guided Therapy Program, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. experience,” Laryngoscope 1998, 108–148.
Galloway, R. L., Maciunas, R. J., and Edwards, C. A. (1992). “Interactive
image-guided neurosurgery,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 39, 1226–
SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES 1231.
Gibson, S., Fyock, C., Grimson, E., Kanade, T., Kikinis, R., Lauer,
H., McKenzie, N., Mor, A., Nakajima, S., Ohkami, H., Osborne, R.,
IMAGE PROCESSING • IMAGING OPTICS • LASERS • MAG- Samosky, J., and Sawada, A. (1998). “Volumetric object modeling for
NETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE • OPTICAL FIBER TECH- surgical simulation,” Med. Image Anal. 2, 121–132.
NIQUES FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS • PHAMACEUTI- Grimson, W. E. L., Ettinger, G. J., White, S. J., Lozano-Perez, T., Wells,
W. M., and Kikinis, R. (1996). “An automatic registration method
CALS,CONTROLLED RELEASE OF • X-RAY ANALYSIS
for frameless stereotaxy, image guided surgery, and enhanced reality
visualization,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 15, 129–140.
Hall, W. A., Martin, A. J., Liu, H., Pozza, C. H., Casey, S. O., Michel,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
E., Nussbaum, E. S., Maxwell, R. E., and Truwit, C. (1998). “High-
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thermotherapy of central brain tumors with the Nd:YAG laser un- Hall, W. A., Martin, A. J., Liu, H., Nussbaum, E. S., Maxwell, R. E., and