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Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology EN002G-67 May 25, 2001 20:8

Bioreactors 271

When the substrate concentration S is much greater than • METABOLIC ENGINEERING • PHOTOCHEMISTRY,MO-
K m , Eqs. (12) and (13) reduce to the same form. In this LECULAR • SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIO-
case, the continuous flow stirred reactor and the plug flow CHEMICALS
device achieve similar conversion values in a given time.
In contrast, when S K m , the reaction rate becomes first
order in the substrate concentration (see Eq. (9)), and the BIBLIOGRAPHY
plug flow reactor provides higher conversion values in
comparison with the well-mixed continuous flow device. Atkinson, B. (1974). “Biological Reactors,” Pion Press, London.
In the latter bioreactor, all the enzyme would be exposed Bailey, J. E., and Ollis, D. F. (1986). “Biochemical Engineering Funda-
to the same low concentration of the substrate which is mentals,” 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Chisti, Y. (1989). “Airlift Bioreactors,” Elsevier, London.
not useful except when the reaction is inhibited by the
Chisti,Y.(1999).Solidsubstratefermentations,enzymeproduction,food
substrate. enrichment. In “Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermenta-
tion, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation,” (M. C. Flickinger and S. W.
Drew, eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 2446–2462, Wiley, New York.
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS Chisti, Y. (1999). Modern systems of plant cleaning. In “Encyclopedia
of Food Microbiology” (R. Robinson, C. Batt, and P. Patel, eds.), pp.
1806–1815, Academic Press, London.
A bioreactor is an indispensable part of any bioprocess
Chisti, Y., and Moo-Young, M. (1999). Fermentation technology, biopro-
irrespective of whether the process degrades pollutants cessing, scale-up and manufacture. In “Biotechnology: The Science
or produces substances such as foods, feeds, chemicals and the Business” (V. Moses, R. E. Cape, and D. G. Springham, eds.),
and pharmaceuticals, and tissues and organs for use in 2nd ed., pp. 177–222, Harwood Academic Publishers, New York.
biomedicine. The variety of bioprocesses is tremendous Deckwer, W. D. (1992). “Bubble Column Reactors,” Wiley, New York.
Doran, P. M. (1999). “Design of mixing systems for plant cell suspen-
and many different designs of bioreactors have been devel-
sions in stirred reactors,” Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 319–335.
oped to meet the different needs. In all cases, the bioreac- Moser, A. (1981). “Bioprocess Technology,” Springer-Verlag, New
tor must provide the environmental conditions necessary York.
for the culture. The specific demands are often conflict- Nienow, A. W. (1998). “Hydrodynamics of stirred bioreactors,” Appl.
ing and achieving optimal performance requires attaining Mech. Rev. 51, 3–32.
Tredici, M. R. (1999). Bioreactors, photo. In “Encyclopedia of Biopro-
the proper balance among the different requirements. Suc-
cess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation” (M.
cess of a bioprocess depends critically on good design and C. Flickinger and S. W. Drew, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 395–419, Wiley, New
operation of the bioreactor. York.
Van’t Riet, K., and Tramper, J. (1991). “Basic Bioreactor Design,”
Dekker, New York.
SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Varley, J., and Birch, J. (1999). “Reactor design for large scale suspension
animal cell culture,” Cytotechnology 29, 177–205.
Willaert, R. G., Baron, G. V., and De Backer, L. (eds.) (1996). “Immo-
BIOENERGETICS • BIOMASS,BIOENGINEERING OF • bilised Living Cell Systems: Modelling and Experimental Methods,”
ENZYME MECHANISMS • MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURE Wiley, Chichester.