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342 Membranes, Synthetic, Applications

eveninorganicionsintoseveralmetabolites—oxygen,car- SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES
bon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and ammonia—that are de-
tectable with primary membrane electrodes. Integrating BIOMATERIALS,SYNTHESIS,FABRICATION, AND APPLI-
reactive and sensing membrane components significantly CATIONS • BIOREACTORS • DISTILLATION • ELEC-
broadens the range of substances that can be analyzed TROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING • FLUID DYNAMICS •
electrochemically. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE • MEMBRANES,SYNTHETIC
A family of specialized membrane devices allows com- (CHEMISTRY) • MOLECULAR HYDRODYNAMICS • NANO-
plex clinical assays to be performed photochemically. STRUCTURED MATERIALS,CHEMISTRY OF • PHAR-
They all contain a membrane matrix with specific reac- MACEUTICALS,CONTROLLED RELEASE OF • SOLVENT
tive moieties. When an analyte containing a target species EXTRACTION • WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND WATER
is introduced, reaction products are formed that may be RECLAMATION
detected spectrophotometrically. The membrane supplies
a large functional surface area per unit device volume and
hence high sensitivity. Figure 53 depicts the general struc- BIBLIOGRAPHY
ture of devices of this type designed for clinical analysis.
These are thin multilayer composites activated by apply- Alentiev, A. Yu., Loza, K. A., and Yampol’skii, Y. P. (2000). “Devel-
ing a small quantity of liquid clinical sample. A microp- opment of methods for prediction of gas permeation parameters of
orous membrane at the top surface distributes the fluid uni- glassy polymers: Polyimides as altenating copolymers,” J. Membrane
Sci. 167, 91.
formly to the layers beneath, where various physical and
Anand, M., Langsam, M., Rao, M. B., and Sircar, S. (1997). “Mul-
chemical reactions occur to form chromophoric products. ticomponent gas separation by selective surface flow (SSF) and
The quantity of those products is measured spectrophoto- poly-trimethylsilylpropyne (PTMSP) membranes,” J. Membrane Sci.
metrically from the lower surface of the slide. 123, 17.
Different laminated structures are constructed by arran- Araki, T., and Tsukube, H., eds. (1990). “Liquid Membranes: Chemical
Applications,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
ging the functional layers according to the requirements of
Aranha, H. (2001, January). “Viral clearance strategies for biopharma-
the chemical or biochemical assay. Commercially avail- ceutical safety, Part 1: general Considerations,” BioPharm, pp. 28–35.
able assays include those for creatinine, albumin, amylase, Aranha, H. (2001, February). “Viral clearance strategies for biophar-
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and certain alkali and macentical safety, Part 2: Filtration for viral clearance,” BioPharm,
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Baker, R. W. (1999, December). “Membrane Technology and Applica-
tions,” McGraw-Hill, New York.
Baker, R. W., Cussler, E. L., Eykamp, W., Koros, W. J., Riley, R. L.,
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Developments and Future Directions,” Noyes Data Corporation, Park
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Baker, R. W., et al. (1998). “The design of membrane–gas separation
systems,” J. Membrane Sci. 151(1), 55–62.
Baker, R. W., et al. (2000, December). “The design of membrane–gas
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Balaban, M., ed. (1991, May). “Desalination and Water Re-Use: Proceed-
ings of the 12th International Symposium: Economics Membrane Dis-
tillation Membrane Processes Evaporative Processes,” Hemisphere,
Bristol, PA.
Balachandran, U., Dusek, J. T., Maiya, P. S., Ma, B., Mieville, R. L.,
Kleefisch, M. S., and Udovich, C. A. (1997). “Ceramic membrane
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Balachandran, U., Kleefisch, M. S., Kobylinski, T. P., Morissette, S. L.,
and Pei, S. (1996). “Oxygen ion-conducting dense ceramic,” U.S.
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Bartsch, R. A., and Way, J. D., eds. (1996). “Chemical Separations With
Liquid Membranes, ACS Symposium Series, No 642,” American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Belfort, G., Davis, R. H., and Zydney, A. L. (1994). “The behavior of sus-
pensions and macromolecular solutions in crossflow microfiltration,”
J. Membr. Sci. 96, 1.
Bessarabov, D. (1999). “Membrane gas-separation technology in the
FIGURE 53 Schematic diagram of a photochemical membrane petrochemical industry,” Membrane Technol. 107, 9.
composite for clinical diagnosis. (Eastman Kodak Company.) Burggraaf, A. J., and Cot, H., eds. (1996). “Fundamentals of Inorganic