Page 166 - Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

146 Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

10.4.1.5 Lead
Lead, being a heavy metal and toxic in nature, still is used for various
applications. Lead is used in batteries, cables sheeting, ammunition, bearings,
in pipes, toys, curtains, paints, stabilizers lubricants, and many more. The
disposal of lead is an important point to be considered [6]. The common
routes of disposal are:
1. Municipal solid waste incineration
2. Landfilling on sanitary landfills
3. Chemical waste disposal including disposal at landfills

10.4.1.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PCBs are a type of hazardous wastes and, to dispose them, various methods
are available. Some of them are through incineration and waste landfilling.
Incineration is generally used for disposition of liquids and semisolid PCBs,
while solids are disposed of at landfill sites. This is done to save cost and
method for incineration of solid PCBs isn’t available [7].

10.4.1.7 Persistent Organic Pollutants
Materials or wastes in which the concentration of POPs is exceeding a
limit have to be treated. The POPs present should be either destroyed or
irreversibly transformed into a waste without POP [8]. The methods for
disposal of POPs are:
1. Physico-chemical treatment
2. Incineration without energy recovery
3. Incineration, using the waste to generate energy
4. Recycling and reclamation of metals

10.5 OTHER METHODS

10.5.1 Pyrolysis and Catalytic Cracking
10.5.1.1 Pyrolysis
The process of thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures
in an inert atmosphere. The products of these processes are solids, liquids,
and gases, all of which are used as different fuels. It is one of the meth-
ods used to control wastes and generate alternate fuels with low carbon
footprint.
Pyrolysis of waste oil in presence of a catalyst [9]: As we know, a catalyst
is a substance that speeds up the rate of the reaction. However, catalysts have
a limited lifetime and they are deactivated afterwards. These deactivated