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Power Generation From Renewable Energy Sources 155

reported [27]. However, very few researches have investigated this effect in
details. Pilot fuel quantities used were 0.22, 0.29, and 0.35 kg/h and their re-
sults showed that the increasing quantity of pilot fuel significantly enhances
thermal efficiency and lowers the CO emission levels at lower loading con-
ditions. But, decreased pilot fuel saving has been reported with increase in
primary inducted gaseous fuels.
However, the performance of dual fuel engine depends on the injected
fuel type, gaseous fuel, and air mixing quality. But air and fuel mixing is sig-
nificantly affected by mainly spray characteristics of fuel injected and swirl
produced in the engine cylinder. This can be achieved by using suitable pis-
ton bowl and it can significantly affect the magnitude of cylinder pressure
and heat release rate profile. Thus, control of heat release rate is imperative
to limit cylinder pressure, knocking, and emission levels. Hence, a developed
combustion chamber must provide better squish, forcing the air toward cen-
ter of the combustion chamber. Suitable changes in the in-cylinder flow field
or swirl result into vortex inside the piston bowl before combustion takes
place, creating a better mixture formation. Swirl is used to promote rapid
mixing of inducted air and fuel at the end of the compression stroke [28, 29].
Usually, diesel engines are provided with hemispherical combustion cham-
ber and results into better performance for the diesel fuel. But it may not
result in good performance with other alternative fuels operation. Therefore,
suitable combustion chambers are to be developed for harnessing high-
power output and lower emissions. Hence, it is necessary to design different
combustion chambers for alternative fuels as well [30, 31]. Suitable combus-
tion chamber geometry helps to increase squish area and proper mixing of
fuel with air [32]. A nonparametric regression analysis tool has been used
for analyzing the performance and emission characteristics of heavy-duty
diesel engine. In addition, optimized bowl geometry, spray target, and swirl
ratio have been reported [13, 33]. Development of the combustion chamber
with narrow, deep, shallow reentrance and low protuberance on the cylinder
axis and the spray toward the bowl entrance lowers the NO x emission levels.
Soot emission decreases with increasing piston center depth and when larger
diameter piston bowl was used. This allows more space and spray traveling
throughout the combustion chamber, leading to better utilization of oxygen
and reducing the wall impingement [34, 35].

11.1.1 Renewable Energy in India
Power generation using renewable sources can facilitate nations toward sus-
tainable development through better utilization of renewable to achieve
clean food and energy security and improve the socioeconomic issues.