Page 89 - Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

Toxic Waste From Biodiesel Production Industries and Its Utilization 75

6.2.2 Biodiesel Production Methods
The transformation of raw materials into biodiesel can be realized using
four methods: (i) pyrolysis, (ii) dilution (iii) microemulsion, and (iv) trans-
esterification. Among every one of these strategies, the transesterification is
a broad, helpful, and the most encouraging technique for the decrease of
viscosity, density, and other properties.

6.2.2.1 Pyrolysis
The pyrolysis alludes to a chemical change caused by the utilization of
thermal energy without air or nitrogen. To convert biofuel to usable trans-
portation fuels, the biofuel is refined through hydrotreating and hydroc-
racking. In hydrotreating, hydrogen is responded with the biofuel to expel
sulfur and oxygen. In hydrocracking, the hydrotreated biofuel is responded
again with hydrogen to form smaller chains of hydrocarbons to meet
the specifications of transportation fuels [13]. Pyrolysis method is most
economically affordable method to produce biodiesel with lower GHG
emissions.

6.2.2.2 Dilution
The blending/dilution of biodiesel raw materials can be experimented
with the materials like diesel ethanol or solvent. Blending results in the
reduction of density and viscosity of biodiesel raw materials [13]. The
blending of 4% ethanol to diesel fuel raise the brake torque, brake thermal
efficiency, and brake power, while reducing the brake-specific fuel con-
sumption. Since the fire point of ethanol is not as much as that of diesel
fuel, it could help in the improvement of the burning procedure through
an inbound blend spray.

6.2.2.3 Microemulsification
The microemulsion is characterized as thermodynamically stable, isotropic
mixtures of water, oil, and surfactant. The materialization of microemul-
sion is one of the potential ways to solve the problem in viscosity [14].
Microemulsion can be made of biodiesel raw materials with an ester and
dispersant, or of biodiesel raw materials, and alcohol and an Alkyl nitrate.
Alcohol is used to raise the volatile property of biodiesel, but decreases the
smoke. Alkyl nitrate acts as a cetane number improver. The microemulsion
technique is also used to get a decent spry property. Use of microemulsified
biodiesel will cause few issues, for example, incomplete combustion, nozzle
failure, and carbon deposit.