Page 254 - Facility Piping Systems Handbook for Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities

HEAT TRANSFER, INSULATION, AND FREEZE PROTECTION

5.38 CHAPTER FIVE

FIGURE 5.10 Design freezing index.

content, temperature and state of pore water, and particle shape. Field tests have deter-
mined that the average values presented here are of sufficient accuracy for engineering
design purposes. For this discussion only, soil groups are divided into three general
categories, sand, silt with clay, and peat. Table 6.8 lists the soil weights used in the
calculations following. Table 6.20 separates soils into unified soil groups and describes
their composition. Average moisture content of these soils is about 15% for sand, 30%
for clay, and 80% for peat. To find the value of K, use Fig. 5.11 for sand, Fig. 5.12
for clay, and Fig. 5.13 for loam, entering with the weight of the soil and the moisture
content. If the project under design has building construction associated with it, the

FIGURE 5.11 Average thermal conductivity for sandy soils.

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