Page 75 - Facility Piping Systems Handbook for Industrial, Commercial, and Healthcare Facilities

PIPING

PIPING 2.25

VITRIFIED CLAY (VC)

Vitrified clay pipe is made from selected clay and shale mixed together with water, formed
into pipe, and fired (baked) at 2000 °F. At this temperature the material fuses together (vitrifies)
to form a homogeneous mass.
VC pipe is suitable for gravity underground service only. Sizes range from 3 to 54 in.
The pipe is made in two grades—standard and extra strength. It is available only in bell and
spigot ends, with compression gaskets used for joint assembly. A new development is a pipe
with the joints flush with the pipe exterior, thus gaining superior strength to resist jacking
and external damage as the pipe is pushed through the soil. This pipe has not yet received
approval from all authorities and its use has been limited.
Vitrified clay pipe shall conform to the following standards:
1. ASTM C 4
2. ASTM C 700
3. ASTM C 1208: Vitrified clay pipe and joints for use in jacking, sliplining, and tunnels
Its primary advantage is the ability to accept a broad range of effluent with a diverse
chemical and acid content, especially where the generation of hydrogen sulfide gas could
result in the formation of sulfuric acid in the piping system. It has excellent resistance to
scour and corrosion from soil. The disadvantages are that the pipe is very brittle and has a
high initial cost due to the intensive labor involved in the installation.

CONCRETE PIPE

Concrete pipe is manufactured from either nonreinforced or reinforced concrete. Concrete
pipe is suitable for underground (clear water) gravity drainage systems and pressurized
water service, typically for nonpotable cooling or process water from surface sources. Sizes
for concrete pipe range from 4 to 36 in. Reinforced concrete pipe is available in 12- to
144-in sizes. Concrete pipe is manufactured in two strengths, standard and extra strength.
Reinforced pipe is manufactured in five pressure ratings, classes I-V, increasing in strength
from low to high. Concrete pipe is not manufactured to nationally accepted dimensional
standards. Refer to individual manufacturers.
Joints are tongue and groove or bell and spigot. Tongue and groove joints are sealed
with rubber gaskets and are generally used for gravity systems. Bell and spigot joints use
compression gaskets and are generally used for pressurized systems. There is no standard
for fitting dimensions. When dimensions are required, they must be obtained from the
proposed manufacturer.
Concrete pipe shall conform to the following standards:
1. ASTM C 76: Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe
2. ASTM C 14: Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe
3. ASTM C 443: Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe Using Rubber Gaskets
4. ASTM C 361: Reinforced Concrete Low Head Concrete Pressure Pipe
5. AWWA C 301: Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe and Fittings

FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)

Fiber reinforced plastic pipe is suitable for any gravity drainage application that requires
the resistance to many chemical wastes and pressure piping up to 5000 psi (35,000 kPa).
Sizes for FRP range from 1 in (25 mm) to 144 in (3500 mm).

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