Page 40 - Foundations of Cognitive Psychology : Core Readings

38 Daniel C. Dennett

physics, or have a good plan for world peace, but we’d all see that it was surely
one of the intelligent, thinking entities in the neighborhood.
Is this high opinion of the Turing test’s severity misguided? Certainly many
have thought so—but usually because they have not imagined the test in
sufficient detail, and hence have underestimated it. Trying to forestall this
skepticism, Turing imagined several lines of questioning that a judge might
employ in this game—about writing poetry, or playing chess—that would be
taxing indeed, but with thirty years’ experience with the actual talents and
foibles of computers behind us, perhaps we can add a few more tough lines of
questioning.
Terry Winograd, a leader in artificial intelligence efforts to produce conver-
sational ability in a computer, draws our attention to a pair of sentences (Wino-
grad, 1972). They differ in only one word. The first sentence is this:
The committee denied the group a parade permit because they advocated
violence.
Here’s the second sentence:
The committee denied the group a parade permit because they feared
violence.
The difference is just in the verb—advocated or feared. As Winograd points out,
the pronoun they in each sentence is officially ambiguous. Both readings of the
pronoun are always legal. Thus we can imagine a world in which governmen-
tal committees in charge of parade permits advocate violence in the streets and,
for some strange reason, use this as their pretext for denying a parade permit.
But the natural, reasonable, intelligent reading of the first sentence is that it’s
the group that advocated violence, and of the second, that it’s the committee
that feared violence.
Now if sentences like this are embedded in a conversation, the computer
must figure out which reading of the pronoun is meant, if it is to respond
intelligently. But mere rules of grammar or vocabulary will not fix the right
reading. What fixes the right reading for us is knowledge about the world,
about politics, social circumstances, committees and their attitudes, groups that
want to parade, how they tend to behave, and the like. One must know about
the world, in short, to make sense of such a sentence.
In the jargon of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a conversational computer needs a
lot of world knowledge to do its job. But, it seems, if somehow it is endowed with
that world knowledge on many topics, it should be able to do much more with
that world knowledge than merely make sense of a conversation containing
just that sentence. The only way, it appears, for a computer to disambiguate
that sentence and keep up its end of a conversation that uses that sentence
would be for it to have a much more general ability to respond intelligently to
information about social and political circumstances, and many other topics.
Thus, such sentences, by putting a demand on such abilities, are good quick-
probes. That is, they test for a wider competence.
People typically ignore the prospect of having the judge ask off-the-wall
questions in the Turing test, and hence they underestimate the competence a
computer would have to have to pass the test. But remember, the rules of the