Page 281 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

252 From smart grid to internet of energy

The cooperation of IoT and smart grid is not only seen in utility grid and
generation-transmission-distribution cycles but also in daily life including
smart city and smart building infrastructures. The smart city framework pro-
vides a wide variety of applications that are facilitating daily life and improve
the quality of life. Some of IoT based smart city applications have been listed as
smart mobility, traffic control, health management, waste management, street
and environmental monitoring, and smart building monitoring systems. The
urban IoT applications require strict precautions in terms of security and privacy
as well as in IoT based smart grid architecture. The operation of such an
intelligence-based infrastructure is quite similar to natural framework of inter-
net in the context of data servers and monitoring clients. The IoT concept
implies for a network providing connections, monitoring options, and control
features. The basic features of internet can be adopted to smart grid and IoT
applications by providing machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-machine
(H2M) interactions.
The IoT is one of the most recent communication paradigms that perform
required objectives by using microprocessors, various communication mediums
for digital data transmission, and several protocol and layer structures to fulfill
M2M and H2M operations as being a part of internet. It is hard to generate a
reference framework and layer description since an industry-wide acceptance
has not been defined yet. Some of the IoT frameworks proposed by institutes
can be listed as Arrowhead Framework, ETSI architecture for M2M, Industrial
Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA), IoT-A, ISO/IEC WD 30141 IoT
reference architecture (IoT RA), Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0
(RAMI 4.0), and the IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the
IoT [5]. On the other hand, researchers have proposed some other IoT architec-
tures, i.e., a seven-layer OSI-like IoT framework [6], a five-layer reference
model including physical, data link, internetwork, transport, and application
layers [7], and middleware based framework [8]. It is assumed that OSI refer-
ence framework can be associated with IoT layers along Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) layers as shown in Fig. 7.2. TCP/IP pro-
vides end-to-end connection and network layer of IoT provides the internetwork
routing for data transmission.
The improvements of several protocols such as IP from IPv4 to IPv6 devel-
oped the capabilities of automation systems. The IPv6 addressing protocol pro-
vide a dedicated infrastructure for small link-layer frames in IoT framework for
novel devices. Moreover, the constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a
downscaled version of Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on the User Data-
gram Protocol (UDP) for constrained resource applications in IoT environment.
There several studies of IoT have been proposed for smart cities, medical
purposes, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), metering processes, and environ-
mental monitoring. The interoperability of smart grid is an important topic for
communication infrastructures. The IoT services and applications require a
web-enabled smart grid architecture that is compatible with emerging web