Page 379 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Roadmap from smart grid to internet of energy concept Chapter 9 343

hub can administer processes regarding monitoring, storage and conversion of
several energy sources for increasing stability of power systems. Besides,
energy routers should have capability to collaborate between each other.
The EI architecture is improved in an internet-like structure that is mimick-
ing routing data where power routing is also included in addition to communi-
cation signals. The energy router concept is firstly proposed with the concept of
the future renewable electric energy delivery and management (FREEDM) sys-
tem in [21]. The proposed energy router which is the core of EI architecture with
generation, distribution, storage systems and loads could be used to control flow
and amount of power and energy. Actually, the FREEDM system is designed as
a distribution system which is based on SST configurations interfacing residen-
tial and industrial consumers. It was presenting three key technologies as plug-
and-play feature for any source, the second is providing an energy router
namely intelligent energy management device connecting 12 kV ac distribution
network to 120 V ac residential and 400 V dc buses, and the third feature is to
bring an open standard operating system which is called distributed grid intel-
ligence (DGI) embedded into energy routers that are comprised by SSTs. An
example energy router that has been proposed as the first-generation SST of
FREEDM is shown in Fig. 9.3 where the distribution bus is comprised by

FIG. 9.3 Energy router comprised by first generation SST of FREEDM with 6.5 kV-25A
Si IGBTs.