Page 46 - Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs

Geological timescale Gradstein et al., 2004 Climate mode Frakes et al., 1992 Magnetic eld reversals Normal Ogg et al., 2008 87 Sr/ Sr Eustatic sea level stand Extinction of marine genera Petroleum reserves generated
86
and
Age (Ma) Reversed Oceanic crust production 0.7065 McArthur, 2010 0.7090 0 0.7095 Berner, 2006 Global temperature –100 m continental glaciations Raup & Sepkoski, 1986 Klemme & Ulmishek, 1991 Passive margins
by source rocks
and major OAEs
Ridgwell, 2005
Bradley, 2008
Stanley, 1999
RCO 2
0.7070
0.7075
0.7085
0.7080
Frakes et al., 1992
3 –1
5
0 3 km a 4 Columbia river 10 20 Cold Warm –50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 60% 40 20 0 0% 10 20 30
C ainozoic Afar Antarctica isolated in Oil Gas
50 NAVP the South Pole Modern
Deccan Ancient
Ontong-Java OAE 2
100 Kerguelen Gondwanaland Exxon curve OAE 1a–d
Mesozoic Al-Qahtani 2005 Oxf–Kim
Haq &
150 Greenhouse Ontong-Java breakup Haq et al. 1987 Weissert
Miller et al. 2005
200 Major orogenic intervals Karoo-Ferrer Pangaean breakup T-OAE
CAMP
TR/J
250 Siberian P/TR
Icehouse Assembly of
300 Oslo–Jutland–NE Pangaea
Germany
350 Late Devonian
Palæozoic Greenhouse East European Laurentia and
Platform
400 Avalonia collide
CO 2
Hot shale
450
Greenhouse RCO 2 Laurentia and
500 Kalkarindji Baltica collide
550 Neoproterozoic
6
0 10 km 2 5 0–8–6–4–2 02 46 8 10 0 ppm 2000 4000 6000 90º 80 70 60 50 40 30
13
LIP areal extent C CO proxy record (smoothed) Continental glaciation
Kidder & Worsley, 2010 Prokoph et al., 2008 2 Royer, 2006
FIGURE 2.2 Phanerozoic patterns of various indicators of global change. From left to right: Phanerozoic geological timescale (Gradstein et al., 2004), climate mode
(Frakes et al., 1992), major orogenic intervals, magnetic field reversals (Gradstein et al., 2004), oceanic crust production (Stanley, 1999), and large igneous province
areal extent (Kidder and Worsley, 2010), carbon isotope curve (Prokoph et al., 2008), strontium isotope curve (McArthur, 2010), RCO and CO proxy record (Berner,
2
2
2006; Royer, 2006), global temperature, eustatic sea‐level stand (Haq and Al‐Qahtani, 2005; Haq et al., 1987; Miller et al., 2005), continental glaciations (Ridgwell,
2005), extinction of marine genera and major oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) (Raup and Sepkoski, 1986), petroleum reserves generated by source rocks (Klemme and
Ulmishek, 1991), and passive margin extent (Bradley, 2008).