Page 10 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

CONTENTS ix

Configuration of a Video Camera System 234
Types of Video Cameras 236
Electronic Camera Controls 238
Demonstration: Procedure for Adjusting the Light Intensity
of the Video Camera and TV Monitor 241
Video Enhancement of Image Contrast 242
Criteria Used to Define Video Imaging Performance 245
Aliasing 249
Digital Image Processors 249
Image Intensifiers 250
VCRs 251
Systems Analysis of a Video Imaging System 252
Daisy Chaining a Number of Signal-Handling Devices 254
Exercise: Contrast Adjustment and Time-Lapse Recording
with a Video Camera 255

14. DIGITAL CCD MICROSCOPY 259
Overview 259
The Charge-Coupled Device (CCD Imager) 260
CCD Architectures 267
Note: Interline CCDs for Biomedical Imaging 268
Analogue and Digital CCD Cameras 269
Camera Acquisition Parameters Affecting CCD Readout
and Image Quality 269
Imaging Performance of a CCD Detector 271
Benefits of Digital CCD Cameras 276
Requirements and Demands of Digital CCD Imaging 276
Color Cameras 277
Points to Consider When Choosing a Camera 278
Exercise: Evaluating the Performance of a CCD Camera 279

15. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 283
Overview 283
Preliminaries: Image Display and Data Types 284
Histogram Adjustment 285
Adjusting Gamma ( ) to Create Exponential LUTs 287
Flat-Field Correction 289
Image Processing with Filters 292
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 299
Exercise: Flat-Field Correction and Determination of S/N Ratio 305

16. IMAGE PROCESSING FOR SCIENTIFIC
PUBLICATION 307
Overview 307
Image Processing: One Variable Out of Many Affecting the Appearance
of the Microscope Image 307
The Need for Image Processing 309