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Contents • vii

SectIon III Approaching the Finish Line

chapter 9 The Beginning and the End? ......................................... 145

Heaven on Earth ......................................................................145
Life Cycle Thinking Basics .....................................................146
Life Cycle Assessment .............................................................149
A Brief History .........................................................................151
Standards for LCA ...................................................................153
Carbon Footprinting Based on LCA ................................... 154
Performing an LCA .................................................................155
How to Promote the Use of an LCA .....................................155
The Life Cycle of the Product of Your Project .....................156
LCA Fundamentals ............................................................157
ISO 14040 ........................................................................158
Goal Definition and Scoping ............................................158
Inventory Analysis ..............................................................160
A “Bar Chart” ......................................................................161
Impact Assessment .............................................................163
Interpretation ......................................................................167
Reporting the Results .........................................................170
LCA Software Tools ................................................................171
Limitations to Conducting an LCA .................................172
Maintaining Transparency ...............................................172
Endnotes ...................................................................................173

chapter 10 Lean Thinking, Muda, and the Four Ls ....................... 175
Lean Thinking and Your Project ...........................................175
Lean Methods ..........................................................................177
What Is Lean? ......................................................................178
Wastes ...................................................................................179
A New Waste? ......................................................................180
The Basic Principles of Lean Development .....................181
The Seven Wastes of Software Development ..................181
5S ...........................................................................................186
Summary—The 4L Approach ...........................................188
Endnotes ...................................................................................188