Page 70 - Handbook Of Multiphase Flow Assurance

References 65

Oil-in-water emulsions are prepared at different water cuts between 50% and 90% at differ-
ent shear rates for a prescribed time, and oil content of water is reported in ppm. The reported
oil content should include both oil and water-soluble organic components.
Rheology or viscosity of emulsions formed at different shear rates is reported for different
temperatures and water cuts.

Biodegradation

Crude biodegradation may be exhibited by the absence of n-paraffin peaks in gas chro-
matogram or in high-temperature gas chromatogram. Bacteria present in the reservoir con-
sume normal paraffins and only branched or isomerized paraffins remain.
This makes wax deposition prediction more complex as most modern wax deposition
models are based on a solubility prediction method developed by Erickson (Erickson et al.,
1993) which is applicable to n-paraffins. It also makes some laboratory studies such as CPM
more complex as isomerized paraffins may form less crystalline and more amorphous solids
which would not rotate the plane of light polarization.
DSC or other methods to detect wax onset may then be used. Laboratory studies for the
wax deposition then become necessary if wax appearance temperature is in the range of op-
erating temperatures.

References
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