Page 193 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

176 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

its maximum possible value, called the ‘maximum asymmetrical’ (US) or ‘asymmetrical prospective’
(UK) current. The peak value of the actual fault current that the fuse allows to pass is called the
‘peak let-through’ current.

Clearly the higher the fault current the faster the fuse will operate, which is the required
characteristic of a fuse. However, the application engineer must balance speed of operation with
other factors such as the type of load. For example when an induction motor is started direct-on-line,
the starting current will be as much as 7 times the running current. This starting current will actually
fall within the range of currents that can cause the fuse to operate. Therefore a compromise is required
between fast action during a fault and allowing the motor sufficient time to run up. Static loads do
not require such a compromise and so fast action can be optimised by choosing a lower fusing factor
(see sub-section 7.4). Rectifiers and thyristors require extra-fast fuses since permanent damage can
be done very quickly when fault currents occur.

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8.4 THE I t CHARACTERISTIC
During operation the fuse may be regarded as a constant resistance (R) until interruption occurs.
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The power dissipated by the fuse is therefore I R. The energy release by the fuse is therefore
approximately:-
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Energy U = I Rt
Where t is the melting time plus the arcing time and I is the current flowing in the fuse.
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Therefore a fuse can be described by its I t characteristic as being a measure of the energy
released during its operation. Obviously the mechanical design of the fuse must be capable of con-
taining this energy, which is released in an explosive manner.

Historically early designs began to fail until it was realised that the prospective fault currents
in typical power systems had gradually increased. This was due to the natural development and
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expansion of those systems. Reference 1 gives a good description of the I t characteristic.
Different types of fuse for the same rated voltage and current will release different amounts
of energy since their characteristics are deliberated designed to be different. The energy released is
due to two separate functions, melting the fuse element and extinguishing the arc.
The actual value of let-through current for a given fuse will depend upon the nature and
magnitude of the prospective fault current e.g. asymmetrical or symmetrical. This is because a greater
current has to be reached in the symmetrical case than in the asymmetrical case to create the same
amount of melting energy. This is due to the shape of the current waveform in the first cycle, which
can be seen in Figure 8.1.
The maximum value of the let-through current is called the ‘peak let-through current I p ’.
The importance of the peak let-through current is in relation to the thermal and mechanical
stresses that occur in the downstream equipment e.g. contactors, cables.
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Furthermore the I t characteristics of any of the downstream equipment must be greater than
the fuse, otherwise the equipment will suffer thermal damage. (For a given fault current the fuse
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clearance time must always be at least several times lower than the corresponding I t time of the
downstream device.)