Page 418 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

HARMONIC VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS 407

The spacing need not be greater than about 1000 mm unless the parallel route length is
very long.

15.2.3 Power Transistor Bridges

In recent times there has been a rapid development in the design of high-power transistors, to such
an extent that they are feasible alternatives to thyristors for many applications. The main advantage
of transistors is that they can be switched ‘on’ and ‘off’ at any point in the conducting half-cycle that
can appear across their emitter and collector terminals. They must be protected against the reversal of
voltage when the second half-cycle appears across the terminals. It is therefore possible to synthesise
the waveforms in such a manner as to reduce the harmonic distortion at the supply terminals to a
low level.
Although a power transistor can be controlled over its whole operating range from being fully
‘off’ to being fully ‘on’, it is not usually operated in the intermediate state. This is because the
inherent resistance of the device in the intermediate state causes a very large amount of heat to be
developed in the transistor itself, which if not properly conducted away from the transistor will cause
thermal instability and permanent damage. In the ‘off’ state the current in the transistor is negligibly
small and its collector-to-emitter voltage will be high. Hence the product of voltage and current will
be very small. When the transistor is fully ‘on’ the current will be high and the collector-to-emitter
voltage will be small, but not negligible. Hence the power dissipated by the product of a high current
and a small voltage will again be small, but a definite amount of heat will be dissipated. This amount
can normally be conducted away by using standard designs of air fins or ‘heat sinks’. See also
Reference 9.

15.2.4 DC Motors
15.2.4.1 Voltages and currents

Variable speed DC motors are mainly used in the oil industry for driving drilling equipment such
as the drill string, draw-works, mud pumps, cement pumps, winches and the propulsion systems in
semi-submersible rigs and barges. They are typically rated at approximately 800 kW, 750 volts, and
several motors may be operated mechanically in parallel e.g. the draw-works motors. Each bridge that
supplies a motor has a typical current rating of 2250 amps. Within its control system is a manually
adjustable current limiting potentiometer to safeguard the bridge and to limit the torque produced by
the motor. The bridges are fed from a three-phase 600 volt power source which is usually earthed
by a high resistance fault detection device, that gives an alarm but does not trip the source.
Assume that the secondary phase-to-neutral emf of the supply transformer is E and the fun-
damental reactance of each phase winding is X l , and the DC load current is I d , then for Mode 1
operation the DC output voltage V d is,
√
3 6E 3X c I d
V d = cos α − = I d R + E m (15.1)
π π
Where R is the DC circuit resistance.
E m is the emf in the motor armature.
X c =2X l is the commutating reactance.