Page 225 - Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis

2 Material and Age Structure of Utility Networks 221

45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
Length (m) 25,000

20,000
15,000
10,000
5000
0
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
Asbestos cement Galvanized steel Gray cast iron PVC Gray steel Nodular cast iron PE
FIGURE 9.3
An example of cumulative construction materials of the water supply network in the period
1964-2010 [14].

40,000
35,000

30,000
25,000
Length (m) 20,000

15,000
10,000
5000
0
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year
Stoneware Concrete RC concete Cast iron Asbestos cement PVC PE Steel Others
FIGURE 9.4
An example of cumulative construction materials of the wastewater disposal network in the
period 1964-2010 [13].