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Renewable systems and energy storages for hybrid systems 155

Figure 8.2 Worldwide operational energy storage and its distribution.
Source: © 2016 A.H. Fathima, K. Palanisamy, Energy storage systems for energy
management of renewables in distributed generation systems, in: L. Mihet-Popa (Ed.), Energy
Management of Distributed Generation Systems, InTech (2016), under CC BY 3.0 license.
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62766; DOE database.

6 Impact of market infrastructure on energy storage
systems

The electricity market has an immense impact on the storage systems operating un-
der it. Electricity networks vary in infrastructure and operations depending on the
economic and living habits of the customers. They are also influenced by the grid
specifications and configurations prevalent under conditions. All these factors will
be crucial in selection and development of customer-sited ESS. For an example in
many nations like North America, Australia, and so on. where the residential distri-
bution grid is prevalent, a radial design with distributed ESS can be vastly practiced.
At the same time, European nations with more densely populated residential regions
have a more concentrated distribution grid, thus demanding a much reduced distrib-
uted ESS.
Conventional regulated markets have a single entity to control grid operation and
electricity sales. More recent deregulated markets call for liberalized market structure
with competing suppliers wooing to electricity customers. These factors also play a
vital role in deciding the deployment point, services offered, and the final customer
of an ESS in a market. ESS if managed by the power or transmission owner or an end
user will decide the ESS model to be developed and integrated. Deployment and ap-
plications of ESS also depend on the overall stability of the participating power grid
with critical consumers of an unstable grid will be more in need for energy storage and
backup power options. Transmission and distribution deferrals and alternative cost-
effective power options are some more recent applications of ESS participating in grid
infrastructure. Societies, their urbanization, and isolation from nearby grids also affect
the sizing, structure, service, and placement of an ESS [12,13].