Page 173 - Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids

156 Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids

Lifetime in cycles >15000 >10000 104–107 250–1500 1500–3000 600–1200 2500–4500 >10000 1000–3650 104–105 –

Life- time in years >50 >25 15–20 3–15 5–20 5–100 10–15 5–20 5–10 4–12 –

discharge per day Very small

Self- (%) Small 100 0.1–0.3 0.2–0.6 0.1–0.3 ∼20 Small Small 20–40 10–15

Efficiency (%) 70–80 41–75 80–90 75–90 60–80 65–75 70–85 60–75 65–75 85–98 75–80

Capital cost ($/kWh) 5–100 2–50 1000–5000 200–400 800–1500 600–2,500 300–500 150–1,000 150–1,000 300–2000 1000–10,000

Response time Minutes Minutes <Seconds <Seconds <Seconds <Seconds <Seconds Seconds Seconds <Seconds <Seconds

Energy density (Wh/L) 0.2–2 2–6 20–80 50–80 15–80 200–400 15–300 15–25 65 5–14 6

ESS and characteristic properties Power density Discharge (W/L) time 0.1–0.2 1–24 h 0.2–0.6 1–24 h 5000 Seconds–hours 90–700 Seconds–hours 75–700 Seconds–hours 1300–10,000 Minutes–hours 120–160 Seconds–hours 0.5–2 Seconds–10 h 1–25 Seconds–10 h 40000–120000 ms–1 h 2600 ms–8 s

Table 8.1 Power rating (MW) ESS 100–5000 PHS 5–300 CAES 0.25 FESS 0–20 Pb acid 0–40 NiCd 0–0.1 Li-ion 0.05–8 NaS 0.003–3 VRB 0.05–2 ZnBr 0–0.3 SC 0.1–10 SMES