Page 172 - Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids

156
1500–3000
1000–3650
2500–4500
250–1500
600–1200
104–105
>10000
–
10–15
5–100
5–10
5–20
3–15
4–12
5–20
–
0.1–0.3
0.1–0.3
0.2–0.6
20–40
10–15
Small
Small
Self-
∼20
65–75
60–80
60–75
75–80
85–98
75–90
70–85
65–75
1000–10,000
600–2,500
150–1,000
150–1,000
300–2000
800–1500
200–400
300–500
Response Life- discharge Lifetime time in per day Efficiency Capital cost in cycles years (%) (%) ($/kWh) time >15000 >50 Very small 70–80 5–100 Minutes >10000 >25 Small 41–75 2–50 Minutes 104–107 15–20 100 80–90 1000–5000 <Seconds Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgr
<Seconds
<Seconds
<Seconds
<Seconds
<Seconds
<Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Energy density (Wh/L) 0.2–2 2–6 20–80 50–80 15–80 200–400 15–300 15–25 65 5–14 6
ESS and characteristic properties Power density Discharge (W/L) time 0.1–0.2 1–24 h 0.2–0.6 1–24 h 5000 Seconds–hours 90–700 Seconds–hours 75–700 Seconds–hours 1300–10,000 Minutes–hours 120–160 Seconds–hours 0.5–2 Seconds–10 h 1–25 Seconds–10 h 40000–120000 ms–1 h 2600 ms–8 s
Table 8.1 Power rating (MW) ESS 100–5000 PHS 5–300 CAES 0.25 FESS 0–20 Pb acid 0–40 NiCd 0–0.1 Li-ion 0.05–8 NaS 0.003–3 VRB 0.05–2 ZnBr 0–0.3 SC 0.1–10 SMES