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with fast response times. Site dependent with long gestation
Mature technology in use since long times. Large capacity
Frequent start-up/shut-down, long storage period, high
efficiency. Site dependent and requires fossil fuel
in Germany and USA. combustion thereby increased emissions. Grid installations Frequent maintenance to replace water lost in operation, heavy, Chemical disposal issues. Mature technology used in portable devices and vehicles. Under development for grid integration. No self-discharge, due to high op. t
Comments periods. Ireland.
Ancillary services ✓
Power quality improvement ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
commitment Unit ✓ ✓
ESS and applications Arbitrage Short-term and peak shaving ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Table 8.2 power supply ESS PHS CAES Pb acid NaS NiCd Li-ion VRB
