Page 273 - Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook

234 CHAPTER 5 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGiCAL CONSIDERATIONS

Bibliography

Hickey, A. J., and Martonen, T. B. (1993). Behavior of hygroscopic pharmaceutical aerosok and
the influence of hydrophobic additives. Pharm. Res. 10, 1-7.
Martonen, T. B., Bell, K. A., Phalen, R. R, Wilson, A. F., and Ho, A. (1982). Growth rare mea-
surements and deposition modelling of hygroscopic aerosols in human tracheobronchui mod-
els. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 26, 93-108.

Glossary
Airstream: Volume of air traversing a portion of or the entire respiratory
tract.
Airway defense mechanisms: Group of physical, physiological, and immu-
nological mechanisms that protect the respiratory tract against disease or
injury.
Airway generation: Theoretical representation of bronchi position within
the airway based on the number of successive bifurcations leading to a
given level. Generally assumes a symmetric series of bronchial bifurcations.
Asymmetric models typically use the concept of order, based on branching
angle of daughter tubes, to describe relative position within the airway.
Airway lumen: Opening in conducting airway through which air moves
during inhalation and exhalation.
Airway surface liquid (ASL): A mixture of periciliary fluid and submucosal
gland secretions.
Alveolar duct: Airway distal to respiratory bronchiole leading to individual
alveoli and alveolar sacs.
Alveolar gas transport: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between al-
veolar gases and the adjacent capillary bloodstream.
Alveolar sac: Group of alveoli originating from an expansion of the alveolar
duct surface.
Alveolar ventilation: Volume of air passing through the alveoli and alveolar
ducts in one minute.
Anastomoses: Lattice-like network of direct connections between arterioles
and venules. They can allow for flow regulation and pressure equalization.
Apical epithelial surface: In the airway, surface interfacing with lumen.
Atelectasis: Collapse of the expanded lung.
Axial diffusion: Mass transfer by diffusion along streamlines that occurs at
very low velocities. In the respiratory tract, axial diffusion likely occurs in
the pulmonary airways.
Basal epithelial surface: In the airway, surface interfacing with basement
membrane.
Basal cells: Stem cells for other airway cell types that do not interface with
the airway lumen.
Basement membrane: Layer of dense amorphous material on which cells as-
sociated with connective tissue rest (e.g., epithelia). Appear to structurally
support cells and may play a role in regulating ion and molecular trans-
port across tissues.
Bifurcation: In the airway, a relatively large bronchi divides into two
smaller, more distal branches.