Page 460 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

430 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

0.9
Transmembrane pressure
0.8
Transmembrane pressure (bar) 0.6
0.7

0.5
0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1

0
0 510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Days of operations
Figure 10.22 The transmembrane pressure as a function of time.

it was very unstable in last 10 days of operation. Probably after this stage if the
filtration operation would have been continued, the membrane might have
shown some unexpected range of flux and TMP. The rise in TMP across
the membrane is the indication of membrane fouling. Figure 10.22 indicates
that membrane cleaning is necessary after 60 days of operation to keep the
TMP within an acceptable range.

10.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Considering the population projections for the years 2025 and 2050, the
average annual per capita availability of water is estimated to be 1340 and
3
1140 m , respectively. Thus, there is a decreasing trend in the per capita
water availability because of increases in population, urbanization, and
industrialization, which needs to be addressed. Because there is huge gap
between the rate of generation and treatment of sewage in India, regulatory
interventions are required for increasing the treatment capacities to bridge
the gap. Simultaneously, efforts are necessary to create ground-breaking
technologies for the generation of recyclable-quality treated water. Such
recyclable water can be used for suitable applications to reduce future fresh
water demand.