Page 277 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

L1644_C06.fm Page 250 Monday, October 20, 2003 12:06 PM

Contribution to Particular
environmental impact (impact measured by eco-indicator)
study
100%

75% Bibliographical Bibliographical
data data
Data from
50%
Tarragona
region

Cut-off 10%
10%
0%
criteria 0%
Electricity Solid waste Water refrig. Incineration
Ashes treatm.
Process Transport Diesel Oil CaO Water
units Water desmi. Waste water tr. Scrap-metal rec.
Energy Raw Materials Services Combustion

FIGURE 6.19 Dominance analysis for the relevant processes for site-specific damage assess-
ment. (Reprinted from J. Hazardous Mater., 77, Sonnemann, G.W. et al., pp. 91–106, ©2000
with permission from Elsevier.)

depends on the characteristics of the respective region or site for each environmental
load. If no region-dependent or process-specific damage estimates are available for
a pollutant, a general model, the uniform world model (UWM; Rabl et al., 1998;
see Chapter 3) is used in the case of environmental external costs.
The largest damage-assigning matrix is elaborated for the environmental
damage cost; the matrix for the current situation is presented in Table 6.7. For
the electricity process, the corresponding region is Spain; the evaluation is done
for the environmental load kWh (technology dependent) through the project data
published by CIEMAT (1997). The transport is assessed by literature sources for
truck metric ton km (tkm) in South Europe (Friedrich et al., 1998) because data
for Spain are not available. The CaO supply, ash treatment and incineration
processes are located in the Tarragona region. For the incineration process
described in Chapter 5, the IPA obtains the weighting factors of the Tarragona
region for all environmental loads that accept VOC (volatile organic carbon). The
VOC values as well as the evaluation of the scrap-metal recycling are taken from
the UWM (Rabl et al., 1998).
Due to lack of literature data, the matrix of the REW ecological damage indicator
is not yet fully established; information is only available for the processes in the
Tarragona region. Nevertheless, the matrix for the current situation is presented in
Table 6.8 to illustrate the complete framework. However, in the case of the global
damage indicator, the situation is different. The GWP is independent of the site
where the substances like CO or CH are emitted; therefore a vector rather than a
2
4
weighting matrix is obtained. See Table 6.9 for the current situation.

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