Page 79 - Intelligent Digital Oil And Gas Fields

50 Intelligent Digital Oil and Gas Fields

Flow Fluid
force

Flow
Fluid
force
Fluid forces reacting to
Vibrating flow tube vibration of flow tube
Twist
angle

Twist End view of flow tube
angle showing twist
Fig. 2.5 An example of a Coriolis meter. Once the flows pass through the tube, it starts
to vibrate and twist. The twist angle is proportional to mass flows.

Flow

X-ray or
γ-ray Beam
source
Detector

Collimator
Pipe wall
Fig. 2.6 X-ray or γ-ray attenuation or neutron interrogation devices showing beams
received by a detector.
Elemental analysis meter. According to Falcone et al. (2009), this meter
measures the concentration and velocity of individual atomic elements, such
as oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. The main element types are acoustic,
electromagnetic, γ- and X-ray attenuation, neutron interrogations, micro-
wave attenuation, and infrared spectroscopy. Fig. 2.6 shows a nonintrusive
elemental meter using X-ray, γ-ray, or neutron source devices to detect the
amount of oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the flow.

2.1.3.3 Criteria for Choosing a Flowmeter
• Precision and accuracy of the measurement.
• A meter’s operating envelope.
• What are the main fluids produced from the reservoir? Water, gas free,
gas in solution, oil vaporized, oil free of gas, heavy oil, water with gas
bubble, etc.