Page 253 - Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry

242 Colloid stability

rain-water leads to peptisation and the soil packs into a hard mass
which is unsuitable for plant growth. Conversely, water seepage
from reservoirs can be reduced by initial flooding with sea-water,
2. Oil well drilling. In the drilling of oil wells a drilling mud (usually a
bentonite clay suspension) is used (a) as a coolant, (b) for
removing the cuttings from the bore-hole and (c) to seal the sides
of the bore-hole with an impermeable filter cake. The pumping
and sealing features of this operation are most effective if the
drilling mud is peptised; however, a certain amount of mud
rigidity is required to reduce sedimentation of the cuttings,
especially during an interruption of circulation. These opposite
requirements are somewhat reconciled by maintaining the drilling
mud in a partially coagulated, thixotropic (page 254) state. If the
drilling mud stiffens, partial redispersion can be effected by the
addition of a small amount of a peptising agent, such as a
polyphosphate. The plate-like particles of clays often have
negatively charged faces and positively charged edges when in
contact with aqueous media, and aggregate quite readily by an
edge-to-face mechanism to form a gel structure, even at moderately
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low clay concentrations . The main function of the polyphosphate
is to reverse the positive charge on the edges of the clay particles.
The relatively small edge area makes this process economically
attractive.
3. Sewage treatment and water purification. Industrial waste water
and domestic sewage contains a variety of particulate matter and
surfactant (mostly anionic). The zeta potentials of the particles are
usually in the range —10 to —40 mV. Considerable purification
can be effected by the addition of small amounts of sodium
hydrogen carbonate plus aluminium sulphate and agitating the
mix. The aluminium ions are hydrolysed to give a polymeric
hydrous oxide gel network in which the suspended particles
become entrapped and bound together by a bridging mechanism.
The pH is adjusted to near pH 6 to give a slightly positive zeta
potential (c. +5 mV). At this zeta potential, electrostatic
stabilisation is insignificant, but a significant removal of anionic
surfactant by adsorption on to the positively charged floes takes
place. In the final stage of water purification, most -of the
remaining particulate matter can be removed by the addition of a
few parts per million of high molecular mass polyacrylamide,
again by a bridging mechanism.