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136 INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBIOLOGY AND THE FOSSIL RECORD

“punctuated equilibrium”. Look at the Bocxlaer, B. van, Damme, D. van & Feibel, C.S. 2008.
original papers, and consider how well Gradual versus punctuated equilibrium evolution in
each one fulfils the four criteria for a good the Turkana Basin molluscs: evolutionary events or

study (abundant specimens, fossils with biological invasions? Evolution 62, 511–20.
living representatives, information on geo- Crichton, M. 1990. Jurassic Park. Alfred A. Knopf,
New York.
graphic variation and good stratigraphic Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means
control; see p. 122). Which of the 10 studies of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured
you have chosen is sufficiently well docu- Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray,

mented to give a meaningful conclusion? London.
4 How would you design a study to test Eldredge, N. & Gould, S.J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria:
whether species selection might have an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Schopf,
happened? T.J.M. (ed.) Models in Paleobiology. Freeman, San
5 Construct a cladogram of the apes, and Francisco, pp. 82–115.
identify apomorphies for each node. The Erwin, D.H. & Anstey, R.L. 1995. Speciation in the
likely shape of the tree is (gibbon(orangu fossil record. In Erwin, D.H. & Anstey, R.L. (eds).
tan(gorilla(chimp + human)))) (see p. 472) New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record.
Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 11–39.

– so read around and find out the cladistic Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D.A.T. 2005. Paleontological
basis for the tree. Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
Jackson, J.B.C. & Cheetham, A.H. 1999. Tempo and
Further reading mode of speciation in the sea. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 14, 72–7.
Barton, N.H., Briggs, D.E.G., Eisen, J.A., Goldstein, Krause, J., Dear, P.H., Pollack, J.L. et al. 2006. Multi-
D.B. & Patel, N.H. 2007. Evolution. Cold Spring plex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial

Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, New York. genome and the evolution of Elephantidae. Nature
Briggs, D.E.G. & Crowther, P.R. 2001. Palaeobiology, 439, 724–7.
A Synthesis, 2nd edn. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, Malthus, T.R. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Popu-
UK. lation, as it affects the Future Improvement of
Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr
of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Godwin, M. Condorcet and Other Writers, anony-
Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, mous. J. Johnson, London.
London. Poinar, H.N., Schwartz, C., Ji Qi et al. 2006. Metage-
Forey, P.L., Kitching, I.J., Humphries, C.J. & Williams, nomics to paleogenomics: large-scale sequencing of
D.M. 1998. Cladistics, 2nd edn. Oxford University mammoth DNA. Science 311, 392–4.
Press, Oxford, UK. Rogaev, E.I., Moliaka, Y.K., Malyarchuk, B.A. et al.
Futuyma, D. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, 2006. Complete mitochondrial genome and phylog-
MA. eny of Pleistocene mammoth Mammuthus primige-
Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D.A.T. 2005. Paleontological nius. PLoS Biology 4, e73.
Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. Sorhannus U., Fenster, E.J., Burckle, L.H. & Hoffman,
Mayr, E. 2002. What Evolution Is. Basic Books, New A. 1998 Cladogenetic and anagenetic changes in the
York. morphology of Rhizosolenia praebergonii Mukhina.
National Academies Press. 2008. Science, Evolution Historical Biology 1, 185–205.
and Creationism. National Academies Press, Phila- Stanley, S.M. 1975. A theory of evolution above the
delphia. Available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog. species level. Proceedings of the National Academy
php?record_id=11876. of Sciences, USA 72, 646–50.
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Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Vrba, E.S. 1984. Patterns in the fossil record and evo-
lutionary processes. In Ho, M.-W. & Saunders, P.T.
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