Page 15 - Introduction to chemical reaction engineering and kinetics

Contents xv

11.2 Examples of Reactors for Illustration of Process Design Considerations 283
11.2.1 Batch Reactors 283
11.2.2 Stirred-Tank Flow Reactors 284
11.2.3 Tubular Flow Reactors 284
11.2.4 Fluidized-Bed Reactors 290
11.2.5 Other Types of Reactors 291
11.3 Problems for Chapter 11 292
12 l BATCH REACTORS (BR) 294
12.1 Uses of Batch Reactors 294
12.2 Batch Versus Continuous Operation 295
12.3 Design Equations for a Batch Reactor 296
12.3.1 General Considerations 296
12.3.2 Isothermal Operation 300
12.3.3 Nonisothermal Operation 304
12.3.4 Optimal Performance for Maximum Production Rate 307
12.4 Semibatch and Semicontinuous Reactors 309
12.4.1 Modes of Operation: Semibatch and Semicontinuous Reactors 309
12.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages (Semibatch Reactor) 310
12.4.3 Design Aspects 311
12.5 Problems for Chapter 12 313

13 . IDEALFLOW 317
13.1 Terminology 317
13.2 Types of Ideal Flow; Closed and Open Vessels 318
13.2.1 Backmix Flow (BMF) 318
13.2.2 Plug Flow (PF) 318
13.2.3 Laminar Flow (LF) 318
13.2.4 Closed and Open Vessels 318
13.3 Characterization of Fiow By Age-Distribution Functions 319
13.3.1 Exit-Age Distribution Function E 319
13.3.2 Cumulative Residence-Time Distribution Function F 321
13.3.3 Washout Residence-Time Distribution Function W 322
13.3.4 Internal-Age Distribution Function I 322
13.3.5 Holdback H 322
13.3.6 Summary of Relationships Among Age-Distribution Functions 322
13.3.7 Moments of Distribution Functions 323
13.4 Age-Distribution Functions for Ideai Fiow 325
13.4.1 Backmix Flow (BMF) 325
13.4.2 Plug Flow (PF) 327
13.4.3 Laminar Flow (LF) 330
13.4.4 Summary of Results for Ideal Flow 332
13.5 Segregated Fiow 332
13.6 Problems for Chapter 13 333
14 . CONTINUOUS STIRRED-TANK REACTORS (CSTR) 335
14.1 Uses of a CSTR 336
14.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of a CSTR 336
14.3 Design Equations for a Single-Stage CSTR 336
14.3.1 General Considerations; Material and Energy Balances 336
14.3.2 Constant-Density System 339
14.3.3 Variable-Density System 344
14.3.4 Existence of Multiple Stationary States 347
14.4 Multistage CSTR 355
14.4.1 Constant-Density System; Isothermal Operation 351
14.4.2 Optimal Operation 358
14.5 Problems for Chapter 14 361