Page 69 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

Life Cycle Assessment: Principles, Practice and Prospects
56

Raw material Product
extraction

Material Filling Package Material Raw material
processing manufacture processing extraction

Secondary
Newsprint Distribution and tertiary
production
packaging

Secondary
Printing and Use packaging
distribution discard

Avoided product Avoided product
system for landfill system for recycling
Paper and
Paper and Product or
Coal extraction packaging
packaging package Raw material
discard to discard to manufacture extraction
Transport waste stream recycle with recyclate
stream
Electricity Transport Transport
generation
Collection and Material
transport Reprocessing processing
Transport
Power
generation Product or
from methane Collection and Sorting and package
(organic Landfill transport primary manufacture
fractions only) processing with alternative
to recyclate
System boundary
Figure 6.3 The system boundary (boxed) for the paper and packaging waste project, stage 2.

Waste management Reprocessing to Production of Waste management
from kerb) – recycling + recycled material - virgin material - from kerb) – landfill = Net savings of
(removal of discards
(removal of discards
recycling
Avoided landfill Net recycling
Avoided virgin impacts (usually negative value savings when value
Recycling operations – collection and reprocessing material production representing impacts is positive or
(usually negative value representing impacts on (usually negative value on environment, impacts when
environment) representing impacts may be positive value is negative
on environment)
due to energy production
from landfill)
Figure 6.4 Method for calculating net environmental savings in the recycling process.

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