Page 265 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND END OF LIFE 253

(a) Calculation of E r
Waste
generation Collection ► Recycling

ONP Recovered Transport to remanufacturing

Tree
Remanufacturing
facility

Ψ
1000 Tons newsprint (40% recycled, 60% virgin)
E r = Total energy required to produce 1000
tons of newsprint using recycled material,
from collection through new product production.

(b) Calculation of E

: Total energy required to produce 1000
tons of newsprint from virgin material. Includes
energy from growth of trees through final product.

1000 tons newsprint (100% virgin)
Figure 11.1 Illustration of the calculation of recycling (newsprint) offsets using the "cut-off"
allocation method (RTI International, 2003).

production of energy and/or material inputs, transportation, or subsequent
management activities are not captured.
GHG emissions associated with energy consumption at a compost facility, or
transportation of compost and residuals to management sites are included in
an LCA. Typically for a GHG inventory, only emissions from the compost facil-
ity/process itself are included. Similarly, when considering landfills, a GHG
inventory views the entire landfill's waste-in-place and estimates annual gas
production. In an LCA, the GHG emissions for landfill disposal of a defined
quantity of waste are measured in terms of future gas emissions potential given
facility design and operating characteristics (e.g., gas collection and manage-
ment system) during a defined time period (e.g., 100 years). In addition, GHG
emissions associated with energy consumption and material inputs, such as
liners, are also captured in an LCA.