Page 12 - Low Temperature Energy Systems with Applications of Renewable Energy

P. 12

Principles and operation of 1

refrigeration and heat pump

systems
1.1 Trends in usage of low-temperature technologies

Modern generation of electricity and world energy consumption as of 2016 is
provided mainly by fossil energy resources [1]. In many countries of the world
there is a diversiﬁed use of energy resources. Long-term energy security, mean-
ing “the uninterrupted availability of energy resources at an affordable price”
[2], requires the timely supply of energy resources to meet the requirements
of the economy and population, taking into account the challenges of sustainable
development.
In countries around the world, the substitution of organic fuels is developing in
different directions. In European countries, heat pump technology and organic
Rankine cycle (ORC) technologies in combination with renewable energy sources
(RES) are widely used. Solar energy is developing in Asia (China, Japan), Africa
and Australia. Using solar and wind energy, Saudi Arabia plans to become an exporter
of electricity. It is predicted that by 2050 global investments in RES will have pre-
vailed in the use of wind (34%), hydro (30%) and solar (18%) energy [3]. Figures 1.1
and 1.2 show statistical data on the state and prospects of the development of global
electricity, including RES [4].
The United States (US) plans to generate electricity from three sources: natural gas,
solar energy and wind energy. The share of RES in the US of installed capacity was
8.5% in 2017 and is 12% in 2019 [5]. The Parliament of the European Union (EU)
adopted a resolution in 2016 on a strategy of heating and cooling, according to which
the technologies of direct combustion of fuel for heating purposes are admitted to be
technically unpromising. In 2010 Germany, which imports about 71% of its hydrocar-
bons, adopted a state program aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy by
2050 from 10 to 60%. In Germany in 2015, the share of power generation by RES
was 30% [6].
Trends in the development of world power engineering show that the generation
of energy using RES will be decisive in the next two decades. At the same time, there
is a signiﬁcant increase in energy consumption in the world due to the economic
development and population growth of the planet [3,7,8]. Despite the decrease in en-
ergy intensity, the world demand for energy resources will have grown by 30% by
2030 compared to the level of 2014. The main consumer of energy will be industry,
where demand will increase by 40%. In second place in energy consumption will be

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