Page 13 - Low Temperature Energy Systems with Applications of Renewable Energy

2 Low-Temperature Energy Systems with Applications of Renewable Energy

Fig. 1.1 World total primary energy supply (TPES) by fuel in 2015 [4].

the transport sector, followed by commercial and residential buildings [9].The share
of RES in the world fuel and energy balance in 2014 was 18.4%, in 2020 it will be
26% [10].
Assuming that energy consumption increases and energy conservation intensifies,
heat pump technologies and ORC technologies in combination with RES will find
more applications. Low-temperature power engineering systems are used to produce
refrigeration (or “cold”), heat, and electricity, with natural, industrial, and domestic
sources providing the heat. The temperature of low-to-medium-grade heat sources

varies from 0 C to 350 C. In the context of increasing energy efficiency of various
industries and processes, there is a need for careful energy audit of heat-consuming
technological processes to determine the possible use of reserves to reduce energy

Fig. 1.2 TPES outlook by fuel and scenario to 2040 (NPS, new policy scenarios (under

consideration), 450S, policies needed to limit global average temperature increase to 2 C) [4].