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4 Low-Temperature Energy Systems with Applications of Renewable Energy

8. NF EN 12309-2 e 2000. Gas-fired absorption and sorption air-conditioning and/or heat
pump appliances with a net heat input not exceeding 70 kW. Part 1, 2.
9. NF EN 378 e 1, 2 et NF EN 14511-4 OENORM.
10. DIN EN 8960. Refrigerants. Requirements and symbols. 1998.
11. VDI 4640. Technical use of soil.
12. DIN EN 12831. Exact indicators of building heat consumption.
13. DIN V 4701-10. Heating load. Coefficient of expenditure.

1.3 Fundamentals of energy management and audit of
refrigeration and heat pump facilities

Power engineering management (PEM) is a main means for reducing energy consump-
tion and increasing the efficiency of energy use at industrial enterprises for the produc-
tion of artificial cold. PEM is a control system based on the implementation of typical
measurements and inspections that provide such a work of an enterprise, during which
only the required amount of energy is consumed. PEM is an enterprise management
tool that provides ongoing research, and, as a result, knowledge relating to the distri-
bution and level of energy consumption in an enterprise as well as on the optimal use
of energy resources both for production, heating, and other non-productive needs as
well.
Power engineering audit (PEA) is a technical and economic inspection of energy
generation and energy demand systems of an enterprise in order to determine the feasi-
bility of cost economy for the needs of fuel and energy resources, the development of
measures that ensure the conservation of energy resources and money, to eliminate un-
acceptable energy losses by the introduction of more economical schemes and
processes.
Tasks of PEA are the following: to identify sources of irrational costs and energy
losses; and to develop recommendations and programs on energy saving. The overall
PEA strategy includes stages, each of which requires a special approach.
At the first stage, the auditor makes preliminary contact with the management of the
enterprise, and also becomes acquainted with the main production processes, and con-
cludes an agreement with the management of the enterprise on further work. After the
first contact, it is necessary to identify the point of view of the company’s employees
on energy saving issues and determine their approaches to this problem, in particular,
to find out what energy saving at this enterprise was tried earlier and what plans for
energy saving are in the future.
At the second stage, the auditor creates energy consumption maps of the enterprise
and verifies the possibilities for significant energy savings. The map of energy con-
sumption is created on the basis of additional measurements at the nodal points of
the technological scheme of an enterprise production process with the help of various
portable or stationary devices and meters. The map can be based on calculations if
nominal power and annual output of engines are known. In order to determine the
theoretical potential of energy savings, it is useful to compare key data, for example,