Page 275 - Media Effects Advances in Theory and Research

264 McLEOD, KOSICKI, McLEOD

O’Keefe, G. J., Rosenbaum, D. P., Lavrakas, P. J., Reid, K., & Botta, R. A. (1996). Taking a
bite out of crime: The impact of the National Citizens’ Crime Prevention Media Campaign.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Packard Foundation Report. (2001, January 22). Reported in New York Times, A11.
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Polit-
ical Communication, 10, 55–75.
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1997). Priming and media impact on the evaluations of the
president’s performance. Communication Research, 24, 3–30.
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (2001). Framing as a strategic action in public deliberation. In
S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, Jr., & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on
media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 35–65). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl-
baum Associates.
Pan, Z., & McLeod, J. M. (1991). Multi-level analysis in mass communication research.
Communication Research, 18, 140–173.
Patterson, T. E. (1980). The mass media election: How Americans choose their president. New
York: Praeger.
Peiser, W. (2000). Cohort replacement and the downward trend in newspaper readership.
Newspaper Research Journal, 21, 11–23.
Pertschuk, M., & Schaetzel, W. (1989). The people rising: The campaign against the Bork nom-
ination. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral
routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Pfau, M. W., & Louden, A. (1994). Effectiveness of Adwatch formats in deflecting political
attack ads. Communication Research, 21, 325–341.
Philo, G. (1990). Seeing and believing: The influence of television. London: Routledge.
Popkin, S. L. (1990, September). The Iowa and New Hampshire primaries: The interac-
tion of wholesale and retail campaigning. Paper presented at the meeting of the
American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
Popkin, S. L. (1991). The reasoning voter. Communication and persuasion in presidential cam-
paigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Price, V., Ritchie, L. D., & Eulau, H. (1991). Micro-macro issues in communication
research (Special Issue). Communication Research, 18, 133–273.
Price, V. & Tewksbury, D. (1997). News values and public opinion: A theoretical account
of media priming and framing. In G. Barnett and F. J. Boster (Eds.), Progress in commu-
nication sciences (pp. 173–212). Greenwich, CT: Ablex.
Price, V., Tewksbury, D., & Powers, E. (1997). Switching trains of thought: The impact
of news frames on reader’s cognitive responses. Communication Research, 24,
481–506.
Price, V., & Zaller, J. (1993). Who gets the news? Alternative measures of news reception
and their implications for research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 133–164.
Protess, D. L., Cook, F. L., Doppelt, J. C., Ettema, J. S., Gordon, M. T., Leff, D. R., & Miller,
P. (1991). The journalism of outrage: Investigating reporting and agenda building in America.
New York: Guilford Press.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democ-
racy, 6, 65–78.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New
York: Simon & Schuster.
Rahn, W. (1995). Candidate evaluation in a complex information environments: Cogni-
tive organization and comparison process. In M. Lodge & K. M. McGraw (Eds.) Polit-
ical judgment: Structure and process (pp. 43–64). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Ranney, A. (1983). Channels of power. New York: Basic Books.