Page 31 - Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-Use

Introduction 11

I00 1000
No. of installations
Figure I. 3 Microfiltration membrane costs 17s. number of installations (“Kubotn” rnernbrane bioreactor
plunt) (jrom information provided by Kubota)

efficiency and cost effectiveness, greatly increase the competitiveness of
recycling over discharge. Existing examples of closed-loop water recovery and
reuse, invariably based on membrane technology, suggest that payback periods
as low as 18 months are achievable, the timescale obviously being very sensitive
to supply and discharge costs. Given the continuing downward pressure on costs
(Pigs. 1.2 and 1.3) and the increasingly severe stresses on freshwater supplies, it
seems likely that membranes will be used ever more widely for water recycling
within the industrial sector.

References
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BCC (2002). Advanced waste water treatment for global markets. Business
Communications Company Inc., Norwalk, CT.
Cologne, G. (1998). Legal aspects of water reclamation. In Asano, T. (ed.)
Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Technomic, Lancaster, Basel, p. 1397.
Gleick, P. H. (2000). The world’s water 2000-2001, the biennial report on
freshwater resources. Island Press, Washington, USA.
Jeffrey, P. (2002). Influence of technology scale and location on public
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Loeb, S. and Sourirajan R. (1963). Seawater demineralisation by means of an
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Mannapperema, J. D.. Yates, E. D. and Singh, R. P. (1993). Survey of water use
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