Page 24 - Multidimensional Chromatography

Introduction 13
(e.g. water), proceeded in parallel with the development of liquid–liquid partition
chromatography on columns, and in 1944 Martin and co-workers (39) discussed the
possibility of different eluents in different directions. Kirchner et al. pioneered (40)
two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in the early 1950s before it was
put on a firm footing by Stahl (41). A variety of hyphenated chromatography–elec-
trophoresis techniques were demonstrated, but the most important planar separation
was high resolution 2D gel electrophoresis, reported by O’Farrell in 1975 (42). Here,
up to 1000 proteins from a bacterial culture were separated by using isoelectric
focusing in one direction and sodium dodecylsulphonate-polyacrylamide gel elec-
trophoresis in the second. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is still commonly
used today in protein and DNA separation.
Most developments in the past two decades, however, have involved coupled col-
umn systems which are much more amenable to automation and more readily permit
quantitative measurements, and such systems form the subject of this present book. A
review on two-dimensional GC was published (43) in 1978 (and recently updated
(29)), and the development by Liu and Phillips in 1991 of comprehensive 2D GC
marked a particular advance (33). The fundamentals of HPLC–GC coupling have been
set out (37) with great thoroughness by Grob. Other work on a number of other aspects
of multidimensional chromatography have also been extensively reviewed (44, 45).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This chapter is based, in part, on a paper read before the ‘Seventh International
Symposium on Hyphenated Techniques in Chromatography,’ held in Brugge in
Belgium, in February 2000. I am indebted to the many colleagues who have worked
in my Laboratory at Leeds on multidimensional chromatography, especially Tony
Clifford, Nick Cotton, Ilona Davies, Paola Dugo, Grant Kelly, Andy Lee, Ally
Lewis, Luigi Mondello, Peter Myers, Mark Raynor, Bob Robinson, Mark Robson
and Daixin Tong.

REFERENCES

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Chromatographia 51: 7 (2000).
2. L. S. Ettre and A. Zlatkis (Eds), 75 Years of Chromatography–a Historical Dialogue,
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3. M. Tswett, ‘Physikalisch-Chemische Studier über das chlorophyll. Die absorptionen’,
Ber. Dtsch. Botan. Ges 24: 316 (1906).
4. P. Karrer, ‘Purity and activity of Vitamin A’, Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 1149 (1939).
5. G. M. Swab and K. Jockers, ‘Inorganic chromatography I’, Angew. Chem. 50: 546 (1937).
6. I. Berenblum and R. Schoental, ‘Carcinogenic constituents of shade oil,’ Brit. J. Exp.
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phases. I: A theory of chromatogaphy’, Biochem. J. 35: 1158 (1941).