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Index 297

refraction, 40 nonzero-dispersion fiber, WDM, 111
stepped index cable, 38 North American Digital Hierarchy, 54–57
multiple services delivery, 199
ATM over SONET, 200–201
MANs, 202 O
multiplexers, 6
multiplexing O-VPNs (Optical Virtual Private
DWDM, 110, 114 Networks), 128
FDM, 106 OADMs (Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers),
OADMs, 133–134 133–134, 224–225
SDH, 89 OAM&P services (Operations,
AUGs, 93 Administration, Maintenance, and
rates and payload, 94 Provisioning), SONET, 64
TUs, 91 OC-1, SONET, 72
VCs, 94 OC-192 lasers
SONET wavelength tolerances, 119
add-drop, 75 wavelength transmission, 112
concatenation, 71–73 OC-48 SONET. See SONET..
hub and spoke, 78 OC-768 specification, 119
point-to-multipoint, 77 OCs (Optical Carriers), SONET, 55
point-to-point, 77 opaque optical networks, advantages, 222
ring, 78 opaque optical switching, 127–128
synchronous, 63 open DWDM systems, 170
STM-1 frame rates, 86 operating frequencies, transmitters, 37
WDM, 25, 106, 110, 114
opportunity costs, DWDM, 233
optical amplifiers, fiberoptics, 13
optical communications systems historical
N
overview, 8
optical cross-connects, 227
nesting VCs, SDH, 97
optical networks
networks
buildout pace, 220
metropolitan DWDM
disruption of backbone networks, 234
dynamic OADMs, 133–134
economics, 220
ring interconnections, 134
optical. See optical networks. opaque, 222
NICs (Network Interface Cards), wire transparent
category support, 31 advantages, 222
NNI (Network Node Interface), SDH, 88 costs, 224
noise, 36