Page 192 - Pipeline Risk Management Manual Ideas, Techniques, and Resources

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Table 7.19 Spill behavior in water

Boilingpoinr Ciiporpressure Sprc<ficgru:raviti: Su/ubi/ip Expected behavior in nafer
Relow ambient Very high Any Insoluble All of the liquid will rapidly boil from the surface ofthe water.
Underwater spill will most often result in the liquid boiling and
bubbles rising to the surface.
l$elo\r/ ambient Very high Less than water Low or partial Most of the liquid will rapidly boil off. but some portion will
dissolve in the water. Some ofthe dissolved material will
evaporate with time from the water. Underwater spill will result
in more dissolution in water than surface spills
Relow ambient l'ery high Any High As much as 50% or more of the liquid may rapidly boil offthe
water while the rest dissolves in water. Some of the dissolved
material will evaporate with time from the water. Underwater
spills will result in more dissolution in water than surface spills.
Indeed, little vapors may escape the surface if the discharge is
sufficiently deep.
Above ambient Any Less than water Insoluble The liquid or solid will float on the water. Liquids will form
surface slicks. Substances with significant vapor pressures will
evaporate with time.
:lho\s ambient Any I-css than water Low or partial The liquid or solid will float on water as above, but will dissolve
over a period oftime. Substances with significant vapor
pressures may simultaneously evaporate with time.
Abo\,e ambient Any Less than \hater High These materials will rapidly dissolve in water up to the limit
(if any) oftheir solubility. Some evaporation ofthe chemical
may take place from the u'ater surface with time if its vapor
pressure is significant.
Abobe aiiibicnt Any Near watei Insoluble Difficult to assess. Bemube they will not dissolve. and because
specific gravities are close to water, they may float on or
beneath the surface ofthe water or disperse as blobs of liquid or
solid particles through the water column. Some evaporation of
the chemical may take place from the water surface with time if
its vapor pressure is significant.
,4bove ambient Any Near water Low or partial Although a material with these properties will behave at first like
material described directly above, it will eventually dissolve in
the water. Some evaporation of the chemical may take place
from the water surface with time if its vapor pressure is
significant.
4bo\ e ambient Any Any High These materials will rapidly dissolve in water up to the limit
(if any) of their solubility Some evaporation ofthe chemical
niay take place from the water surface with time if its vapor
pressure is significant.
Above ambient Any Greater than warel Insoluble Heavier-than-water insoluble substances will sink to the bottom
and stay there. Liquids may collect in deep water pockets.
Above ambient .Any Greater than water Low or partial These materials will sink to the bottom and then dissolve over a
period of time.
Above ambient Any Greater than water High These materials will rapidly dissolve in water up to the limit
[ifany) oftheir solubility. Some evaporation ofthe chemical
may take place from the water surface \\ ith time if its vapor
pressure is significant.
Source ARCHE (Automated Resource for &hem!cal Hazard !nodent _Evaluat/on), prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Department of Transportation, and Environmental Protection Agency, for Handbook of Chemrcal Hazard Analysls Procedures (approximate date
1989) and software for dispersion modeling. thermal, and overpressure impacts

.4reus thut are more dificult to remediute. If a spill occurs Structures or ,facilities that ure more difficult io replace.
where access is difficult or conditions promote more An example would be a hospital or university with special-
widespread damage, costs of remediation might be higher. ized equipment that is not adequately reflected in property
Examples might be terrain difficult for equipment to access values.
(steep slopes, swamps, dense vegetation growth); topogra- 0 Higher associated costs. If a spill occurs in a marina, a har-
phy that widely and quickly disperses a spilled product, per- bor, an airport, or other locations where access interruption
haps into sensitive areas such as streams; damages to surface could be potentially very costly to the local industry, this
areas that are disruptive to repair; and damages to agricul- could justify the high-value area score. If a business is inter-
tural activities where damages would preclude the use of the rupted by a spill (for example, a resort area where beaches
area for long periods of time. The reader should realize that are made inaccessible), higher damages and legal costs can
some remediation efforts can continue literally for decades. be anticipated.