Page 282 - Pipeline Risk Management Manual Ideas, Techniques, and Resources

Types of facilities 13/259

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Line Pipe: 37% 17% 13% 16% 1% 6% 7% 5% 4% 2% 1%
TanWPump: 4% 18% 38% 3% 26% 9% - 0% - 2% -
Figure 13.2 Liquid pipeline failure causes: line pipe versus station facilities.

an ASME B3 1.4 Committee Station study from U.S. reportable other well-defined collection of mostly aboveground facilities.
leak data. These data also highlight that equipment failures are All stations have facilities-ven if only a single block valve.
the primary cause (38%) of station facility leaks, compared Facilities to be evaluated in a risk assessment might include
with third-party damage for line pipe (37%) [9a].
Surface facilities are sometimes subjected to different regula- Atmospheric storage tanks (AST)
tory requirements, compared with pipeline operations on the Underground storage tanks (UST)
ROW. The majority of the larger, hazardous liquid pipeline sta- sumps
tion facilities in the United States comply with process safety Racks (loading and unloading, truck, rail, marine)
management (PSM) regulations, mandated by OSHA in 1992, Additive systems
which require specific actions related to pre-startup safety Piping and manifolds
reviews, process hazard analyses, creation of operating proce- Valves
dures, training, qualifications of contractors, assurance of Pumps
mechanical integrity, hot work permits, management of change, Compressors
incident investigations, emergency planning, compliance with Subsurface storage caverns.
safety audits, and employee participation in safety programs.
Most U.S. natural gas pipeline station facilities are exempt from Comparisons between and among facilities and stations is often
compliance with PSM regulations, but many operators adopt at desirable.
least portions of such regulations as part of prudent operating Most pipeline liquid storage stations consist primarily of
processes. Some special environmental regulations will also aboveground tanks and related facilities that receive and store
apply to any surface facility in the United States. products for reinjection and continued transportation by a
In addition, the U.S. Department OfTransportation (DOT) is pipeline or transfer to another mode of transportation, such as
in the process of promulgating various pipeline integrity man- truck, railcar, or vessel. Most storage tanks for products that are
agement (PIM) regulations that require all jurisdictional haz- in a liquid state under standard conditions are designed to oper-
ardous liquid and gas pipeline facilities to perform a risk ate near atmospheric pressure, whereas pressurized vessels are
assessment as the basis for creating a integrity assessment plan. used to store highly volatile liquids (HVLs). Liquid pipeline
Several states, such as Texas, are also imposing PIM-related facilities include pumps, meters, piping, manifolds, instrumen-
regulations for intrastate pipeline facilities. tation, overpressure protection devices and other safety sys-
tems, flow and pressure control valves, block valves, additive
injection systems, and breakout tanks.
II. Types of facilities Pipeline gaseous product storage facilities serve the same
purpose as liquid tank farms, but include buried high-pressure
In this chapter, the termfuciliw applies to a collection of equip- bottle-type holders, aboveground low-pressure tanks, andor
ment, whereas station refers to a tank farm, pumping station, or underground caverns. Gas pipeline facilities used to manage