Page 443 - Pipelines and Risers
P. 443
410 Chapter 21
API
l- Hauch & Bai
- ANALYKAL
FAILURE
Longitudind ForceAongitudind Yield Force
Figure 21.1~ Nodi bending moment capacity as function of longitudinal force (external differential
pressure = 72 barg).
1 -Hauch&Bai
-ANALYTICAL
-1 J FAILURE
Longitudinal Forcellongitudinal Yield Force I
Figure 21.16 Normalized bending moment capacity as function of longitudinal force (internal differential
pressure = 180 barg).
The ideal scenario is if the ‘target safety levels’ are uniformly maintained for all load
combinations. An immediate observation is that a uniform level of safety (margin between
