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12  Transgenic Approaches to Enhance Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils  259

                References  al.  et  Rugh  (1998)  al.  et  He  (2001)  al.  et  Haque  (2010)  al.  et  Rugh  (1998)  al.  et  Ruiz  (2003)  al.  et  Bizily  (2000)  al.  et  Czako  ´  (2006)  al.  et  Bizily  (2003)






                     min  1 ).  min  1 ),  media  μMHg  stem  improved  Germinating  germination  with  phenyl-Hg +  media  on  germination  phenyl-Hg +  callus).  phenyl-Hg +
                   hydroponic  FW]  1  μMHg  (25  with  FW]  1  times  5  and  on  germination  25  with  FW]  1 ),  by  times  to  Hg).  μM  Hg  μM  day).  to  medium  to  μM  WT  to




                   from  [g μgHg 0  Hg  μM  solution  [g  μgHg 0  min  1 ),  Germinating  to  lethal  solution  [g  μgHg 0  5  and  up  resisted  20  beyond  10  with  per  lethal  is  on  grown  μM  25  with  Germinating  lethal  is  100  and  lethal  are  μM  25  with
                controls  volatilization  5  of  50–100  seeds).  WT  from  (23.8  g  1  min  1 ).  is  Hg  from  (467  g  1 ),  roots  survive  media  FW]  1  [g  Hg  μM  seedlings  solution  min  1 .  μMCH 3 -Hg +  Hg  μM  phenyl-Hg +  solution  min  1 .


                WT   (rate  with  of  volatilization  roots  μgHg 0  μM  (50  roots  μgHg 0  hydroponic  μgHg 0  (25  Hg  FW]  1  500  FW]  1
                to  Hg  of  Hg  media  by  (6.9  g  1  Hg  volatization  by  (131  Transgenic  not  did  1.2  μM  with  from  [g  (1  tolerate  μM  from  [g  Hg 0
                compared  rate  μM  5  on  germination  Hg  of  times  8  leaves  μgHg 0  μM  Hg  of  times  9  leaves  g  1 ).  (WT  from  of  50  with  yield  phenyl-Hg + .  Hg  Hg 0  ng  μMCH 3 -Hg +  can  50  Hg  ng



                as  higher  with medium  Germinating  to  lethal  rate  Hg:  μM  by  times  (4.1  stem  100–350  seeds).  WT  rate  days:  3  by  times  μgHg 0  Hg  μM  volatization  (rate  times  media  seeds).  WT  biomass  μM  volatized  60  of  rate  10  seeds).  WT  culture  μMHgor  volatized  760  of  rate
           volatilization  Phenotype  times  2.5  is  Increased  25  3  by  with  of  Increased  after  8  (92  140  Hg  10  on  of  Doubled  400  Seedlings  at  with  of  Callus  (225  Seedlings  at




           mercury  gene  of  (merApe9)  of  (merApe9)  of  (merA18)  of  of  (merBpe)  of  (merBpe)  plus


           for     merA  coli  merA  coli  coli  E.  merA  coli  merA  and  coli  merB  coli  merApe9  merB  coli  merApe9  coli  E.  merApe9
           engineered  Transformed  Optimized  E.  Optimized  E.  of  merA  Optimized  E.  merB  E.  Optimized  E.  and  Optimized  E.  and  of  merB



           genetically                                                      (MerB  endoplasmatic



           plants  Species  thaliana  tabacum  tabacum  tulipifera  tabacum  (chloroplast)  tabacum  (chloroplast)  alterniflora  thaliana  to  reticulum)
           of      A.      N.          N.        L.      N.   N.      S.    A.
           Properties



           12.2  Overexpressed  reductase                Organomercurial  plus  lyase  mercuric  reductase
           Table  activity  Mercuric
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