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Polymer-based nanocomposites for energy and environmental applications  193

































           Fig. 6.4 Mechanism diagram of PANIs/TiO 2 nanocomposites synthesized via a hydrothermal
           method for photocatalytic degradation of MO and 4-CP over P/T-200°C in visible light
           illumination [122].


              Ansari et al. fabricated Ag@TiO 2 /polyaniline nanocomposites via EB irradiation
           and successfully investigated its photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical perfor-
           mances. The polyaniline sensitization and oxygen vacancies in TiO 2 are major factors
           for the improved properties, and it provides greener methodologies for the develop-
           ment of efficient photocatalyst materials [128–131].

           6.3.2  Adsorption of contaminants

           Adsorption methods are extensively recycled in wastewater management and gas
           purification as the supreme potential and economical methods to eliminating poison-
           ous and recalcitrant pollutants. Many eco-friendly inorganic nanoparticles, specifi-
           cally, metal (hydr) oxides (e.g., Fe(III), Mn(IV), and M(HPO 4 ) 2 (M¼Zr, Ti, Sn)),
           have been successfully used as efficient adsorbents for advanced elimination of
           targeted contaminants [132–136].
              Currently, several methods are available to separate metal ions and comprise sol-
           vent extraction, distillation, electrodeposition, filtration, adsorption, and ion exchange
           [137]. However, few methods have been applicable for practical applications. Ion-
           exchange materials are found to be either natural or artificial, organic, inorganic,
           or synthetic-based materials. Organic materials, precisely polymeric related materials,
           have potential and are widely studied due to its great flexibility. These materials are
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