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262 enhancing performance through training
the higher level meta-cognitive skills that are required to perform the job. The infor-
mation acquired during the needs analysis forms a basis for selecting training methods
that provide opportunities for engaging in appropriate cognitive processes, as well as a
structure for evaluating training. Importantly, the messages delivered in training need to
be reinforced after training concludes, either at follow-up evaluations or through support
from the supervisor in the workplace. Although organizational training has tradition-
ally aimed to deliver the fast, efficient, errorless performance characteristic of routine
expertise, we argue that in organizations dominated by ongoing change, the flexible
responding exhibited by adaptive experts can boost organizational competitiveness by
fostering continued transfer, even in the face of variable job demands.

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