Page 143 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

114 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Biomass
(Agriculture, forestry, industrial, and municipal
wastes)
Biorefinery
(Fermentation, pyrolysis, gasification,
combustion)
Bioproducts
(Fuels, food, feed, chemicals, and materials)

Figure 5.1 Concept of biorefinery.

Based upon the feedstocks or crude materials, they are categorized as first,
second, third, and fourth generation biorefineries. The crude materials required for
creating fluid fuels in these biorefineries originate from industrial, municipal, agri-
cultural, or forestry wastes. Few examples of other biorefineries based on the raw
material or feedstock are lignocellulosic, crops, green biorefineries, etc. Fuels gen-
erated from biorefineries can be in a solid nature, for example, charcoal, fuelwood,
and timber pellets or fluid form, for example, biodiesel, ethanol, and pyrolysis fluid
oils or vaporous structures, for example, methane and hydrogen. Fig. 5.2 represents
the overview of basic operation in a biorefinery pathway.
IEA Bioenergy Task 42 has built up a deliberate classification network and nam-
ing plan to portray distinctive biorefineries (Jungmeier et al., 2009). The developed
framework depends on a schematic portrayal of the full biomass to finished results
chains. The grouping of a biorefinery comprises the accompanying four primary
highlights: platforms/stages, products, raw materials/feedstocks, and processes. The
most imperative element in the biorefineries categories is the platform (or stages).
Platforms may be:

an intermediate product in the biorefinery plant that might be additionally changed into
other transitional or end results;
linkages that exist between various biorefinery ideas; or
end results of a biorefinery.
The quantity of platforms included denotes the complexity of the system. The
platforms may indicate to a mixture of different compounds such as C6 and lignin,
C5 and C6 sugars. Heat and electricity can be delivered inside the biorefinery plant.
The two product groups of biorefineries are energy such as bioethanol, biodiesel,
power, warmth, and engineered biofuels and products such as food, feed, and che-
micals. The biorefinery feedstocks can be energy crops from agriculture such as
starch crops and aquaculture such as algae and seaweeds, besides, biomass residues
from farming, industry and forestry, including wood chips, bark, and straw
(Hingsamer and Jungmeier, 2019). While portraying a biorefinery, both the plat-
form(s) and the feedstocks(s) are considered and indicated in the name; besides, the
essential primary items may likewise be named. The naming of a biorefinery frame-
work comprises the accompanying four components (VDI, 2016):