Page 145 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

116 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Agricultural
Municipal Industrial
(Rice straw, sawdust, (Paper and pulp, sugar,
wood chips, green, and (Plastics, paper, food coffee)
wastes, oils, leather,
citrus waste)
sewage, textile)
Forestry Animal
(Leaves, sawdust, straw, (Manure, blood,
bark, dried, and dead processing waste,
trees) intestine, fats)

Figure 5.3 Various sources of waste biorefinery.

of wheat straw, production of bioethanol from cellulose, and biogas produced from
the bioethanol and biohydrogen wastes. Some part of the wheat straw was utilized
with no treatment, and some division was utilized in the aqueous pretreatment tech-
niques. The pretreated wheat straw prompted aliquid part hydrolysate that was
made out of hemicelluloses. The following conditions were analyzed: biogas pro-
duction through anaerobic digestion of untreated wheat straw, biogas, bioethanol,
biohydrogen production from pretreated wheat straw, and production of bioethanol
through fermentation of pretreated wheat straw, energy generation by incinerating
untreated wheat straw, etc. The examination demonstrated that the biogas genera-
tion using wheat straw exclusively or the generation of various biofuels from the
same feedstock was the energy-proficient innovation in contrast with single-fuel
production, including bioethanol from fermentation of hexose sugars. The idea of
the coordinated waste biorefinery is more feasible than utilizing individual biorefin-
ery innovation for the monofuel production. Biomass deposits present in the semi-
dry areas or in the arid regions such as wastes from palm trees, residues from
seawater biomass such as algal and fish waste. Nearly 6 million tons of lignocellu-
losic biomass is generated as leaf waste from date palm. Correspondingly, on evalu-
ating the quality of fruit, approximately 25% of dates are discarded as waste that is
proportionate to the generation of 1.9 million tons waste biomass that contains a
starch substance of 80%. This waste biomass can be changed over to different
value-added products such as biofuels, including bioethanol, biochar, biofertilizer,
and nanocomposites under agricultural squander biorefinery idea. This waste bio-
mass is combusted or winds up in the dumpsites without energy or material recu-
peration. The biggest waste biomass in the agricultural deposits is the palm tree and
date seeds waste that can be utilized for the product and energy production
(Rathore et al., 2016).
Rice is considered to be the most pertinent crop. Rice husk is the
nonpalatable agricultural residue produced amid the dehusking process. Few signifi-
cant potential uses of rice husks include ethanol, cement and pottery, ceramics, and
adsorbent generation just as energy production. Plantain culture has been customar-
ily developed by small agriculturists principally related to different products, for
example, cocoa, cassava, coffee, and organic product crops. The plantain biomass
is made by a palatable and a nonconsumable part. Roughly 20% of plantain