Page 451 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

410 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

from retail and fabricating sectors and a further 0.92 Mt from the cordiality seg-
ment—not exactly 50% of the sum delivered by family units (Jain et al., 2018).

18.3 Food waste—energy analysis

As per the data provided by the US Department of Agriculture, the energy analysis
of the FW samples collected from the United States was done by using two differ-
ent methods—oxygen bomb calorimetry method and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA)—which are majorly used for the analysis of energy and proximate analysis
factors of FW. The FWs were divided into four different groups, such as fruits,
vegetables, carbohydrates, and meats, as shown in Fig. 18.2. The Ventour’s (2008)
study mentioned that in the United States and the United Kingdom the most wasted
foods are grains including bread and rice; due to their abundance, they have the
potential for energy production. The Parfitt et al.’s (2010) study found that the most
wasted food throughout the world is fresh fruits and vegetables.
The energy content of the FWs can be determined by using oxygen bomb calo-
rimetry method. For energy analysis using oxygen bomb calorimetry method the
samples were cut into small pieces of less than 1 g and combusted through making
connection to the calorimeter using a piece of wire. The 5-min stirring period was
calculated before each testing to account any potential vitality changes from the
stirrer. For the estimation of energy content of the sample, the calorimeter was run
at least triplicate for each FW. Certain examples show that the vegetables and foods
grown in the ground do not fit to touch off in the calorimeter after various tests. To
overcome this problem the samples were predried at room temperature for over-
night. The caloric value of FW can be calculated using the following formula:

Q combustion 5 ΔT 3 C bomb eff 2 L wire 3 C wire =m fuel (18.1)
where Q combustion is the heat of combustion of the biomass (MJ/kg), ΔT is the cor-
rected temperature difference ( C), C bomb eff is the effective heat capacity of the

Figure 18.2 Food groups (good wastes) based on the data from the US Department of
Agriculture.