Page 452 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

Food industry waste biorefineries 411

calorimeter (MJ/kg), L wire is the length of combusted wire (cm), C wire is the heat
capacity of wire (J/cm), and m fuel is the mass of fuel samples (g).
The proximate analysis factors of the FW samples were determined through
TGA using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Mass of the sample is a function of tem-
perature—when the temperature increases, the mass of the sample can be detected
by TGA. The moisture content, volatile content, fixed carbon, and ash of the FW
samples can be characterized by proximate analysis factor. Usually biomass con-
tains high amount of volatile matter, supporting combustion at lower temperatures.
TGA was run in triplicate for each sample for the precision value and means was
calculated. Wastage of food samples by weight per capita per year can be deter-
mined by using the data given by the US Department of Agriculture Economic
Research Service. The amount of energy produced from FW can be calculated by
using the following formula:

Food waste energy potential 5 kg=capita=year wasted 3 MJ=kg (18.2)
The average annual electricity consumption by American households is
38,923.2 MJ.

18.4 Integrated bioprocess

Integrate bioprocess is the technique to enhance the yield and the production cost
of low and high molecular-weight molecules, in which low molecular-weight com-
pounds can be detached from the agriculture standard with in situ extraction and
the product inhibition neglected through in situ adsorption or in situ crystallization.
The valorization of FWs into valuable or useful products and energy was done
through several bioprocess operations. The most commonly used processes are fer-
mentation [solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SMF)], AD,
and transesterification. In the fermentation, FW can be converted into several pro-
ducts such as bioethanol, bioplastics, and biochemical by using microorganisms.
For example, ethanol was produced from the sugarcane bagasse through simulta-
neous saccharification and fermentation, and xylitol was obtained as a final product
from the sugarcane bagasse through batch and fed-batch fermentation process. For
all the fermentation and saccharification processes, FW should be pretreated
through Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharification of sugarcane bagasse is the
process of conversion of complex carbohydrates (starch) molecules into simpler
sugars (Unrean and Ketsub, 2018).
Anaerobic absorption is an aggregation of strategies by which microorganisms
separate biodegradable material without oxygen. The system is used for current or
nearby purposes to direct waste or to create fuel. Anaerobic absorption comprises
of four significant key stages hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methano-
genesis, and the accompanying synthetic response depicts the general procedure of