Page 548 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

496 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

ingredients with rich in nutrients such as proteins and peptides, polysaccharides,
lipids, pigments, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and minerals (Laparra and Sanz,
2010). Fig. 22.3 shows marine waste to edible and nonedible products.

22.4.2.1 Surimi
The product that contains myofibrillar proteins and added cryoprotectants obtained
from the fish mince of Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is known as
surimi. Surimi is considered as the functional component in the range of seafood
foodstuffs. Crab-flavored seafood (imitation crabmeat) is one of the most famous
seafood, which contains surimi or fish paste. They are broadly used since their food
preparation is easy and economical. At the same time, surimi products can simply
alter the form, flavor, and consistency of the ending product as per buyer prefer-
ences (Coorevits et al., 2008). At present, the majority surimi products are cooked
by using starch or wheat flour as an ingredient. Previously, rice flour was used as a
promising substitute to wheat flour. Surimi is the product of pulverization; typically
Alaska pollock is minced and flavored to emulate various supplementary fish food-
stuffs. A two-step process is involved in the production of surimi. Different types
of fish altered to form “surimi base” after which starch has been added as additives,
egg white, colorants were mixed to produce the packaged foodstuff (Reddy et al.,
2003). Furthermore, the foodstuffs have comparatively extended still lives of 4 12
weeks under the condition of cold storage.
22.4.2.2 Antioxidants

Biologically active compounds are derived from marine ecosystems for the
improvement of novel and useful foods. Based on the accessibility and marine
diversity of marine element, a lot of research has been emerged by use of biotech-
nological perspective to find out and to create innovative complex product. The
large variety of marine organisms, seaweeds and sponges, signifies the greatest sup-
ply of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants agents (Al-Saif et al., 2014) that has
been used for health endorsement and infection prevention. The seaweeds and
sponges are practically fat free, low-calorie, and one of the richest sources of miner-
als in the vegetable kingdom and act as a shielding agent from radiation and eco-
logical impurity. These bioactive compounds can be act as antioxidant,
antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral agent (Newman and Cragg, 2004). The anti-
oxidants generally produced by marine environment include polyphenolic com-
pounds such as flavonoids, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, gallic acid, phlorotannins,
and quercy (Manivannan et al., 2011). One of the marine algae, phaeophyta, has
been used as antioxidants and free radical scavengers and to the preclusion of injury
in most of the living organisms (Lo ´pez et al., 2011).

22.4.2.3 Carotenoids

Carotenoids have been reported as one of the bioactive compounds derived from
the marine organisms (Sa ´nchez et al., 2008). It includes allenic carotenoids (e.g.,)