Page 550 - Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

498 Refining Biomass Residues for Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts

3. food color,
4. animal feed, and
5. pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

22.4.2.4 Collagens
Collagens are the chief mysterious fibrous protein in the extracellular matrix present
in connective tissue and numerous epithelial cells. These collagens are most abun-
dantly present in the animals. A total of 16 types of collagen are discovered. Long
˙
thin fibrils are formed due to the package of collagen molecules (Zelechowska
et al., 2010) and also form a two-dimensional reticulum; a number of further cate-
gory relate with fibril-type collagens, associate each other or to other matrix com-
ponents. The collagens are used to help tissues withstand stretching. Marine
collagens can be acquired from different sources. Marine organisms such as fishes
and invertebrate marine animals such as marine sponges or jellyfish are used for the
production of marine collagens. More than 75% of fish weight in the form of skins,
bones, fins, heads, guts, and scales was disposed. Collagen can be obtained from
these types of discarded material by which it will boost the profitable value of fish
products (Calejo et al., 2012). Skin, tendon, bone, and muscle of fish possess type I
collagen, and fish cartilage contains type II collagen. Based on the collagen source,
diverse methods have been projected to attain collagen-based macromolecules. The
methodology includes preparation, extraction, and recovery (Jenkins et al., 2010). It
is utilized extensively in anesthetic surgical treatment with injury therapeutic sup-
port in blaze patients and is employed broadly for renovation of bone with exten-
sive range of dental, orthopedic, and surgical uses. Collagen is used as sheets,
dermal filler, etc. in cosmetic procedures (Goyal et al., 2013).

22.4.2.5 Chitin
Chitin is an innate polysaccharide produced from numerous types of living
organisms (Goosen et al., 2015). It is mostly derived from the cell wall of fungi
and yeast. Mostly the chitins are derived from the marine organisms such as
crab and shrimp shells by extraction procedure with the help of acid and alkaline
treatment. Decolorization process can be applied for getting the colorless pure
chitin (Jeong et al., 2013). The chief raw materials used for the synthesis of chi-
tin are cuticles of different crustaceans, primarily crabs and shrimps. In either
crustaceans or more exclusively shellfish, chitin is established as an ingredient
of a compound arrangement with proteins against which, calcium carbonate
dump to give the rigid shell (Lin et al., 2011). Chitin is included in products of
profit-making, as well as in pharmaceutical products and also frequently
employed as a cooking thickener and preservative. Chitin also has a lot of appli-
cability as a fitness complement that chiefly narrate to its position as a nutri-
tional backbone (Garcı ´a-Lo ´pez et al., 2016).